UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism
UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions
UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World InText Questions and Answers
Activity and In-text Questions
Activity (Page No. 101)
Read Sources A and B :
Question 1.
Write briefly about what they tell you about the nature of the work undertaken by men and women in pastoral households.
Answer:
The nature of the work undertaken by men and women in pastoral households are as follows :
(i) The men graze the cattle and frequently lie out for weeks in the woods tending their herds.
(ii) The women repair to the markets every morning with baskets on/their heads, with little earthen pots filled with milk, butter-milk and ghee. Each of these pots contains the proportion required for a day’s meal.
Question 2.
Why do you think pastoral groups often live on the edges of forests ?
Answer:
The pastoral groups often live on the edges of forests because :
(i) They live in small villages near the skirt of the woods, where they cultivate a little ground.
(ii) They keep selling in the towns some of their cattle and the dairy produce.
(iii) Their families are very numerous, seven to eight young men in each being common.
(in) Two or three of these attend the flocks in the woods, while the remainder cultivate their fields, and supply the towns with firewood, and with straw for thatch.
Activity (Page No. 102)
Question 1.
How did the life of pastoralists change under colonial rule ?
Or
How did the Forest Acts change the lives of Pastoralists ? Give any four points. (2011-SA2, 08/Cl)
Answer:
(1) Pastoralists were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. Even in the areas they were allowed entry, their movements were regulated.
(2) They needed a permit for entry.
(3) The timings of their entry and departure were specified, and the number of days they could spend in the forest was limited.
(4) Pastoralists could no longer remain in an area even if forage was available, the grass was succulent and the undergrowth in the forest was ample.
(5) They had to move because the Forest Department permits that had been issued to them now ruled their lives.
Activity (Page No. 104)
Question 1.
Write a comment on the closure of the forests to grazing from the standpoint of :
a forestern
a pastoralist.
Answer:
A forester performs the duty of guarding or protecting the forests. It is the duty of a forester to keep a check on the pastoralists not to allow them and their cattles to graze in the forest areas. A pastoralist have to depend on forests. They rear sheep, goats which need to be grazed. They graze these animals in the forests area. When a particular area is grazed they shift to a new area and in this way they rotate the grazing fields during summer and winter.
Activity (Page No. 116)
Question 1.
Imagine that it is 1950 and you are a 60-year old Raika herder living in post-Independence India. You are telling your granddaughter about the changes which have taken place in your life style after Independence. What would you say ?
Answer:
Our lives changed in a variety of ways. We had to reduce the number of cattle in our herds because there is not enough pasture to feed larger numbers. Some are discovering new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult. Now-a-days, we could no longer move into Sindh and graze our camels on the banks of Indus as we did earlier.
The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan have stopped our movement. These days some of our people migrate to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. Some of our people had begun buying land and settling down, giving up their nomadic life. And I too had done the same, so you are here with me.
Question 2.
Imagine that you have been asked by a famous magazine to write an article about the life and customs of the Maasai in pre-colonial Africa. Write the article, giving it an interesting title.
Answer:
The life and customs of the Maasai :
The title Maasai is derived from the word Maa. Maa-sai means ‘My Pepole’. The Maasais were traditionally nomadic and pastoral people. Maasai society was divided into two sections – Elders and Warriors. The elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes.
The warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community ” and organised raids. Raiding was an important activity of Maasais, as the cattle was their wealth. It was through raids that they asserted their power over other pastoral groups. The youngmen (warriors) had to prove their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. But at the same time all of them were subjected to the authority of the elders.
Question 3.
Find out more about the some of the pastoral communities marked in Figs. 11 and 13 (See Fig. in textbook on page 106 and 109).
Answer:
Banjara: In Rajasthan, the Banjara were traditionally a nomadic community. They call themselves Rajput Banjara and believe that they were originally Rajput jagirdars who due to some misunderstanding deserted the Rajput and started living as nomads. They associated themselves with tirade and small business. They are distributed in the Dungarpur, Banswara, Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts. Bagri is their mother tongue. They are also conversant in Mewari and Hindi. The Devanagari script is used. They are non-vegetarian who also eat pork. Their staple cereals are wheat, maize and pulses like urad, moong, masur, etc. Both men and women consume alcoholic drinks purchased from the local market.
Gaddis : The Gaddi community is very small, socially very well knit though spread over a large area of Himachal Pradesh. They have a rich history of ruling the Gadheran. Gaddis are superstitious, god fearing, kind, honest and hard working people and have Hinduism as their religion. In Gaddi community, father is the head of the family, is responsible for looking after the interests of each family member, but mother is equally responsible and works hard, in the fields and the household. They have nuclear households. The land is ploughed and sown by the male members. Clod breaking, weeding is done by the women and harvesting is done jointly. Tree fodder is collected by men, livestock rearing, grazing of animals and collection of forage and fuelwood from forest areas is done by women.
Raikas : Raikas are known in Rajasthan as “guardians of the camel”, even having been entrusted with the maharajahs’ herds. They are said to have never sold a female camel outside their community and frown on selling camel milk, saying it’s like “selling a son”. The Raikas, who live in the hills as well as desert areas of Mewar, Godhwar, Malva, Mewar are a nomadic people who travel continuously with herds of sheep and camels. Raika men from the hills stand out with their large red turbans while the women wear colourful clothes and antique ivory bracelets.
Gujjars : The Gujjars, originally Aryan, are generally nomadic who rear buffalo herds. The presence of the Gujjars in India is first attested after the 5th century invasion of India by the Huns. The Gujjars are a hardy and adventurous people who rear sheep and move down from the Alpine pastures to the lower regions during the winter months. The pastoral communities of Africa as marked in Fig. 13 on page 109 are as follows :
Bedouin : Bedouin are primarily nomad Arab people of the Middle East. They believe in Islam. Camel and sheep breeding provides their livelihood. The Bedouin tribe is a community of equals headed by a Sheikh. Hospitality and simple and immediate justice are first rules of conduct. They have avoided agricultural work. The settlement policies of the middle eastern states have forced them into a sedentary life.
Zulu : The Zulu are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. They are well known for their beautiful brightly coloured beads and baskets as well as other small carvings. They believe that they are descendants from a chief from the Congo area. The Zulu believe in a creator God known as Nkulunkulu, but this god does not interact with humans and has no interest in everyday life. Therefore, most Zulus interact on a day-to-day level with the spirits. In order to interact with the spirits the Zulu must use divination to interact with the ancestQrs. All misfortune is a result of an evil sorcery or offended spirits, nothing just happens because of natural causes. 50% of the Zulu population lives in cities and are engaged in domestic work and the rest 50% works on farms.
Beja : The Beja of the deserts of Eastern Sudan are among the country’s longest established people. For the 4000 years of their known history they have watched civilisations flourish and decay with their own lives almost unchanging until very recently. They have followed a nomadic way of life, mostly as camel herders. The various Beja sub-groups were also involved in grain cultivation and caravan services. Under the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, new economic ventures were introduced which partially affected the lifestyle of Beja. These included the development of cotton plantation schemes in the deltas of the Baraka and Gash rivers and opening of a new port at Port Sudan. But pastoralism, continued to be the main Beja livelihood.
Herero : The Herero people of Namibia are a pastoral cattle breeding nation. The Herero can be divided into several sub groups the biggest of which includes the Tjimba, Ndamuranda and Zeraua. The Herero are proud cattle farmers who measure their wealth in cattle. The importance of cattle to these people is even evident in the Herero women’s dresses. The traditional dress is derived from a Victorian woman’s dress, and consists of an enormous crinoline worn over a several petticoats, a horn shaped hat made from rolled cloth is also worn. Their traditional festival is held in Okahandja on Maherero day, which falls on the last weekend in August. The paramilitary groups parade before their chiefs and women line the streets in their beautiful dresses.
UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 5 Pastoralists in the Modern World Textbook Questions and Answers
Exercises Of Ncert (Page No. 116)
Question 1.
Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement ? [Annual Exam. (Delhi), 2009]
Answer:
Droughts affect the life of pastoralists. When rains fail and pastures are dry, cattle are likely to starve unless they can be moved to areas where forage is available. This is the reason that nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. And this nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crises.
The advantages to the environment of this continuous 3 movement are as follows :
(i) This continuous movements allowed time for the natural restoration of vegetation growth.
(ii) Pastoral nomadism enhances the fertility of the land.
Question 2.
Discuss why the colonial government in India i brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists.
- Wasteland rules
- Forest Acts
- Criminal Tribes Act
- Grazing Tax
Or
Explain any four laws introduced by colonial government in India that changed the lives of pastoralists. (20U-SA2, 16/B1)
Or
State any three ways in which the pastoralists were affected by the policy of the colonial government. (2016-AHFGI7D, V50XN3N; 2014-NK2LS6Q, M9IJ26T)
Answer:
(1) Waste Land Rules :
Through these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to selected individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle at these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas. In most areas, the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. It declined
the pastures and posed a problem for pastoralists.
(2) Forest Acts :
Through these Acts some forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar and sal were declared ‘reserved’. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests. Other forests were classified as ‘protected’. In these, some customary grazing rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely restricted.
(3) Criminal Tribes Act :
Through this Act many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes (1871). These communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move out without a permit. The village police kept a continuous watch on A them.
(4) Grazing Tax :
In most pastoral tracts of India, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century. Each pastoralist was given a pass, lb enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax.
Question 3.
Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands.
Or
Describe why the Maasai community lost their grazing land. (2016-Q620XZI)
Or
How were the Maasai herders affected by the drawing of an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika in 1885 ? (2016-WJHL19G)
Answer:
(1) In the late 19th century, the European imperial powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Africa, they sliced up the region into different colonies.
(2) In 1885, Maasailand was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The best grazing lands were taken over for the white settlers.
(3) The Maasais were pushed into a small area. They were ‘ confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
(4) Local peasant communities were encouraged by the British colonial government to expand cultivation and pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
(5) Large areas of Maasai grazing lands were converted into game resenres. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. Very often these reserves were in the areas that had traditionally been regular grazing grounds for Maasai herds.
Question 4.
There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Answer:
The changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders are :
(i) Both the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders were deprived of their grazing lands, which meant the decline of pastures and a problem for both.
(ii) Both the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders suffered when forests were declared ‘reserved’ and they were not allowed access to these forests.
Topicwise Questions Introduction
1 Mark Question (Objective Type)
Question 1.
Define the term ‘Pastoral Nomads’. (2016-V08FMLR; 2015-DFCFP5K)
Answer:
‘Pastoral Nomads’ are the people who move from one area to another with their herds of goats and sheep.
3/5 Marks Question
Question 2.
Why were the pastoral nomads kept out of history textbooks till now ? How have they played an important role in the society and economy ? (2016-N9PFPSM; 2015-6UU28PD)
Answer:
(1) Pastoral nomads were kept out of history textbooks till now because :
(i) It was thought that their lives do not matter.
(ii) They were considered as figures from the past who have no place in modem history.
(2) They have played an important role in the society and economy in the following ways :
(i) They herd animals like sheep, goat, camel, buffaloes’, etc.
(ii) They provide valuable products such as wool, milk, ghee, etc.
(iii) They are also traders who sell goods like woven blankets.
(iv) Environmentalists and economists have increasingly come to recognise that pastoral nomadism is a form of life that is perfectly suited to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
1. Pastoral Nomads And Their Movement
1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)
Question 1.
Which of the following statements best explains pastoral nomads ?
(а) The villagers who move from one place’to another.
(b) The people who do not have a permanent place to live in.
(c) The herdsmen who move from one place to another looking for pasture for their herd.
(d) The people who visit many places for enjoyment. (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 21/A1)
Answer:
(c) The herdsmen who move from one place to smother looking for pasture for their herd
Question 2.
Which state do the Gaddis belong to ?
(a) Bihar
(b) Rajasthan
(c) Himachal
(d) Jammu and Kashmir (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 6/A1)
Answer:
(c) Himachal
Question 3.
What are Bugyals ?
(а) They are waste lands.
(b) Pastures in the low mountains.
(c) Pastures at 12000 feet high mountains.
(d) They are deserts. (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 6/BI)
Answer:
(c) Pastures at 12000 feet high mountains
3/5 Marks Questions
Question 4.
Who are pastoral nomads ? Explain the lifestyle and occupational activities of pastoral nomads of the deserts of Rajasthan.
Or
“Pastoralist engage in a range of different activities to earn a living.” Explain with reference to Raikas. (2014-QLXLUD4, 557MUPZ)
Answer:
(1) (i) Pastoral nomads are the people who do not live in one place but keep moving from one area to another to meet their living.
(ii) They are on their move with their herds of goats, sheep or camels and cattle.
(2) (i) The Raikas in the deserts of Rajasthan lived.
(ii) Due to meagre and uncertain rainfall and fluctuating harvests, they combine cultivation with pastoralism.
(iii) During monsoons they stay at the place, where plenty of fodder is available.
(iv) By October, grazing grounds are dry and exhausted and they move out in search of other pasture and water and return again during the monsoon.
(v) They also cultivate land and are involved in small trades in sheep, goat and camel products.
Question 5.
Explain the life of Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir. (2011-06/A1)
Or
Describe the way of life of the Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir. (2016-NSQFA1)
Or
Name any two pastoral communities that move between their winter and summer pastures in the Himalayas. How do they adjust to the seasonal changes ?(2016-U51G8YW)
Answer:
(1) Famous cattle herders of Jammu and Kashmir are Gujjar Bakarwals and Gaddis in Himachal Pradesh.
(2) Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep.
(1) Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth century in search of pastures for their animals. Gradually, over the decades, they established themselves in the area and moved annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds.
(ii) In winter, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Shiwalik range.
(iii) By the end of April, they begin their northern march for their summer grazing grounds and enter the valley of Kashmir.
(iv) By the end of September, they move again for their downward journey, back to their winter base.
Question 6.
Explain the way of life of Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh. (2014-SS-A-A1)
Or
Explain any three features of the life of Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh. (2012-48028, 4804, 11003)
Or
Explain the cycle of seasonal movement of Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh. (2012-480012, 48019, 48003, 48004)
Answer:
(1) Gaddi shepherds lived in Himachal Pradesh. They had a cycle of seasonal movement.
(2) They spent their winter in the low hill of Shiwalik range like Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir.
(3) By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti.
(4) When the snow melted and the high passes were clean, many of them moved on to higher mountain meadows.
(5) By September, they began return movement. On return, they stopped at Lahul and Spiti.
Question 7.
Explain any five factors responsible for the annual movement of the Dhangars. (2012-1073, 79, J8023; 2011-25/BI)
Or
Examine the migration pattern of the Dhangar community of Maharashtra. Under what conditions do they return to their homeland ? (2012-48010)
Or
Name the Indian state where the Dhangars live. Describe any four features of the livelihood practices of this community. (2016-Y8E5VIO; 2015-7ZUA22P5; 2014-C8RWY2T)
Answer:
Factors responsible for annual movement of Dhangars are as follow :
(1) Dhangars move from central plateau of Maharashtra during October-November due to shortage of fodder.
(2) They move to Konkan which is a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil.
(3) The locals or Konkani peasants welcome them as their fields had to be fertilized and made ready for the rabi harvest.
(4) Dhangar’s flocks manure the fields and feed on the stubble.
(5) With the onset of the monsoon the Dhangars leave the Konkan and the coastal areas with their flocks and return to their settlements on the dry plateau. This is because, sheep cannot tolerate the wet monsoon conditions.
2. Colonial Rule And Pastoral Life
1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)
Question 1.
By which of the following Acts many pastoralist communities were classified as Criminal Tribes ?
(a) Forest Act, 1885
(b) The Rowlatt Act
(c) The Tribes Act
(d) The Criminal Tribes Act (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 08/A1)
Answer:
(d) The Criminal Tribes Act
Question 2.
In which year the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act ?
(a) 1871
(b)1869
(c) 1873
(d)1861 (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 11/A1, 4/BI, 29/A1)
Answer:
(a) 1871
Question 3.
Under the Criminal Tribes Act, the communities which were classified as Criminal Tribes were :
(а) Herders, traders and fishermen
(b) Craftsmen, traders and pastoralists
(c) Craftsmen, pastoralists and technicians
(d) Craftsmen; pastoralists and government servants (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 14/A1)
Answer:
(b) Craftsmen, traders and pastoralists.
3/5 Marks Questions
Question 4.
Why did the British introduce Waste Land Rules? How did they affect the pastoralists ? (2011-SA2, 04/BI)
Or
Why did the colonial government in India introduce the Waste Land Rules? Explain how this law changed the lives of the pastoralists. (2016-BU8ZC5G, RU4QW4, 4JMQMA8)
Answer:
(1) The colonial government, in India introduced the Waste Land Rule because:
(i) The British government considered all uncultivated lands as unproductive.
(ii) The colonial government wanted to transform all wastelands into cultivated farms.
(iii) Land revenue was one of the main sources of its finance. So, by expanding cultivation it could increase its revenue collection.
(iv) It could, at the same time, produce more jute, cotton, wheat and other agricultural produce that were required in England.
(v) So, Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country.
(2) This law changed the lives of pastoralists in the following ways, :
(i) By these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to selected individuals.
(ii) These individuals were granted various’concessions and encouraged to settle at these lands.
(iii) In most areas the land taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists.
(iv) So, expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists.
(v) Pastoralists decreased the number of cattle in their herds.
Question 5.
Why did colonial state want to transform all grazing land into cultivable farms ? . (2011-SA2, 08/A1)
Or
Why did the colonial state want to transform all the grazing lands into cultivated farms ? Give any three reasons. (2016-QHSHBRK, Z2NGWRN; 2015-4Z3DYAY; 2014-6U6BVEU)
Answer:
(1) The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms. They wanted to produce more jute, cotton and other commercial crops that were required in England.
(2) Agriculture was the major source of revenue. By expanding cultivation it could increase its revenue collection. In most areas the lands taken over for cultivation were actually grazing tracts used regularly by pastoralists. So, expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists:
(3) The colonial officials believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and young shoots of trees that germinated on the forest floor. The herds trampled over the saplings and munched away the shoots. This prevented new trees from growing.
(4) The British officials were suspicious of nomadic people.
(5) They distrusted mobile craftsmen and traders who hawked their goods in villages, and pastoralists who changed their places of residence every season, moving in search of good pastures for their herds.
Question 6.
Why do the ecologists feel that pasto-ralism is still relevant in dry and mountainous region ? Give any three reasons. (2016-CYQ7DBD; 2015-MIEJPOO)
Or
“Many ecologists feel that pastoralism is still relevant in dry and mountainous region.” Describe the statement. (2016-C66GL67; 2015-K4YKORX)
Answer:
(1) Pastoralists not only continued to survive, in many regions their numbers have expanded over recent decades. ,
(2) When pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction of their movement, reduced the size aithe herd, combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world.
(3) This is true that many ecologists believe that in dry regions and in the mountain region pastoralism is still ecologically the most
viable form of life. The cattle can graze Mat grass and goats can graze xerothermic shrubs in dry areas. So, the pastoralists, by their movements could feed their cattle and survive in the dry and mountainous regions.
Question 7.
Describe five ways in which pasto-ralists in India coped up with the changes in modern times. (2016-KNC1NKM; 2015-WYVWERA)
Or
How have the pastoralists coped with changes in the modern times ? Write any five steps. (2016-3HVZNST, CP4MJQ1)
Answer:
(1) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds, since there was not enough pastures to feed large numbers.
(2) Others discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult.
(3) Rich pastoralists bought land and settled down, gave up their ,
nomadic life. Some became settled peasants by cultivating land, others togk to more extensive trading.
(4) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive.
(5) At times, they lost their cattle and sheep and became labourers, working on the fields or in small towns.
Question 8.
How did the forest laws affect the lives of pastoralists ? Explain.
Or
Describe any five effects of Forests Acts on the pastoralists. (2016-6QDR56Y, 6RG3MN9)
Or
How were the lives of the pastoralists affected by the control established by the colonial government over grazing ; land ?(2016-MNTX2D5; 2015-1FQNRZN, HEUWPLZ)
Answer:
Following ways the lives of pastoralists were affected by the forest laws :
(1) They were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage to their cattle. „
(2) Even in the areas they were allowed entry, their movements ; were regulated.
(3) They needed a permit for entry. The timing of their entry and departure was specified, and the number of days they could spend in the forests was limited.
(4) Pastoralists could no longer remain in an area even if forage : was available, the grass was succulent and the undergrowth in the forest was ample.
(5) They had to move because the Forest Department permits that had been issued to them now ruled their lives.
(6) The permit specified the period in which they could be legally within a forest. If they overstayed, they were liable to be fined.
3. Pastoralism In Africa
1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)
Question 1.
Which one of the following is not an African pastoral group ?
(a) Bedouin
(b) Somali
(c) Boran
(d) Kuruma (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 25/A1)
Answer:
(d) Kuruma
Question 2.
Which one of the following is an African pastoral community ?
(a) Gollas
(b) Kurumas
(c) Raikas
(d) Maasai (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 12/BI)
Answer:
(d) Maasai
Question 3.
The Maasai cattle herders lived primarily in :
(а) North Africa
(b) South Africa
(c) West Africa
(d) East Africa (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 14/A1)
Answer:
(d) East Africa
3/5 Marks Questions
Question 4.
Name three pastoral groups from Africa and list their occupations. – (2016-TWKZ96R)
Or
Name any two pastoral communities of Africa. (2015-RU4QW4)
Answer:
(1) The three pastoral groups were Bedouins, Berbers and Maasai. –
(2) Their main occupation was rearing cattle—camels, goats, sheep and donkeys.
(3) They sold milk, meat, animal skin and wool.
(4) Their other occupations were trade and transport.
(5) Cultivation was other work to earn.
(б) They used to do odd works to enhance their income.
Question 5.
What were the two social categories in which the Maasai society was divided in the pre-colonial time ? In what way did their roles change because of the colonial policies ? (2016-AHFGI7D, HGOZ4GJ; 2015-3UWGAAX; 2014-U9KHEJN)
Or
Describe the social organization of the Maasai in the pre¬colonial times and what changes occurred in the Maasai’s society during the colonial rule. (2012-48020, 1073)
Answer:
(1) Maasais were divided into elders and warriors :
(i) Elders formed the ruling group and discussed affairs of community.
(ii) The warriors, younger people were responsible for protection of tribe.
(iii) They organized cattle raids and participated in wars, but were made subject to authority of elders.
(2) The British appointed chiefs of different groups of the Maasai who were responsible for affairs of the tribe.
(i) The chiefs imposed restrictions on raiding and warfare.
(ii) The chiefs collected wealth, had regular income, lent money and lived in towns. .
(iii) They restricted the authority of elders and warriors.
Question 6.
Bring out any five similarities in the life between Indian pastoral communities and the life of East African pastoral communities under colonial power. (2012-1015)
Or
Highlight any three similarities between Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders. (2016-9AGOTXP; 2015-XW63GEA)
Answer:
(1) Both lost their grazing lands.
(2) Their lands were transferred from pastureland to cultivable land.
(3) Both were not allowed to enter into the reserve forests.
(4) Both lost their traditional forest rights like use of timber, fodder for their livestock, etc.
(5) In India and Africa, some of the forests were reserved. Others were declared protected.