UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions

UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism InText Questions and Answers

Activity and In-text Questions

Activity (Page No. 81)

Question 1.
Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. If one average sized tree yields 3 to 5 sleepers for a 3 metre wide broad gauge track, calculate approximately how many trees would have to be cut to lay one mile of track?
Answer:
Average no. of sleepers required for one mile = \frac {1760 + 2000}{2} = 1880
Average no. of sleepers obtained from a free = \frac {3 + 5}{2} = 4
No. of trees to be cut to lay 1 mile of track = \frac {1880}{4} = 470 (approx.)

Activity (Page No. 83)

Question 1.
If you were the Government of India in 1862 and responsible for supplying the railways with sleepers and fuel on such a large scale, what are the steps you would take?
Answer:
The following steps are important:
(i) The supply of fuel and sleepers has to be maintained but not at the cost of deforestation.
(ii) Alternative resources like iron sleepers and coal as fuel are to be used.
(iii) Forests are to be conserved and to be used by local people.
(iv) Economic progress cannot be carried out by excessive exploitation of domestic resources of a colony.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Activity (Page No. 86)

Question 1.
Children living around forest areas can often identify hundreds of species of trees and plants. How many species of trees can you name ?
Answer:
Some of the species of trees and plants are as follows :
(i) Baubinia vablii
(ii) Semur
(iii) Sal
(iv) Teak
(v) Mahua
(vi) Pine
(vii) Fir
(viii) Spruce
(ix) Larch
(x) Oak
(xi) Elm
(xii) Birch
(xiii) Cypress
(xiv) Sandal
(xv) Ebony.

Activity (Page No. 96)

Question 1.
Have there been changes in forest areas where you live ? Find out what these changes are and why they have happened ?
Answer:
Yes, there have been changes in forest areas where I live. Following changes have occurred :
(i) The hunting of large animals has been banned and fishing and hunting of small animals have been regulated.
(ii) The number of trees in the forest has increased.
(iii) The river flowing through the forest has been Gleaned.
(iv) Forest guards have made check posts at various places in the forest.
(v) The entry to the forest area is restricted:
(vi) The smuggling of ivory and skin of big cats has been almost controlled and they are now taken care of.
These changes have happened due to the conservation of forest by the Government of India.- The forest community has played an active role in carrying out these changes.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 2.
Write a dialogue between a colonial forester and an adivasi discussing the issue of hunting in the forest.
Answer:
Forest guard: Who are you ? What are you doing in the forest ?
Adivasi : Sir, I am an adivasi. I live in a nearby village. I have come for hunting a hare or two.
Forest guard : Don’t you know that hunting is prohibited in the forest ?
Adivasi : But Sir, I have just come for the sake of my family. My children are hungry since last four days.
Forest guard: That I don’t care about! I just know that hunting in forest is illegal. It is a crime. You will be punished.
Adivasi : But Sir, these forests belong to us. If we can’t hunt here, who will ?
Forest guard: You are arguing with me. You will have to pay heavily for this.
Adivasi : Forests have remained a source of food for us from time immemorial. We are dependent on them. Let me hunt here.
Forest guard: No, I am bound to report to my officer about you. Come with me.

UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises Of Ncert (Page No. 96)

Question 1.
Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people :
1. Shifting cultivators
2. Nomadic and pastoralist communities
3. Firms trading in timber/forest produce
4. Plantation owners
5. Kings/British officials engaged in shikar (hunting).
Answer:
1. Shifting cultivators : European foresters regarded
shifting cultivation as harmful for the forests. They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber..Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted by staging large and small rebellions.

2. Nomadic and pastoralist communities: Many pastoralist and nomadic communities, like the Korava, Karacha and Yerukula of the Madras Presidency lost their livelihoods in instead they were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations, under government’s supervision.
In Assam, both men and women from forest communities like Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgrah were recruited to work on the plantations. Their wages were low and conditions of work were very bad.

3. Firms trading timber and forest produce : The British government gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. This ruined the Indian firms trading in timber and forest produce.

4. Plantation owners : The plantation owners gained since they were Europeans only.

5. Kings/British officials engaged in shikar (hunting): Although hunting was prohibited, but with discrimination. Kings/ British officials indulged in excessive hunting. They had the silent permission from the British government and did huntii% irf the name of civilizing India, as British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 2.
What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java ?
Answer:
(1) Forest Act divided the forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. Forests were owned by the state and villager’s access to the forests was restricted.
(2) In both places nomads, pastoralists and forest communities were banned to enter the forest area.
(3) Colonial government placed restrictions on hunting etc. Forests were cleared for the expansion of railways and ship building industry. Forest communities had to work as free labourers for the forest management, or they had to pay rent to live there.
(4) European firms were given permits for deforestation and plantation industry.
(5) Both British and Dutch employed European experts to chalk out forest management plans.

Question 3.
Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of following factors in this decline :
1. Railway
2. Shipbuilding
3. Agricultural expansion
4. Commercial farming
5. Tea/Coffee plantation
6. Adivasis and other peasant users.
Answer:
1. Railway :
One of the major causes of decline in forest area was expansion of railways. The trees were cut to make sleepers that were put into railway tracks as railways was important for movement of imperial forces and commercial goods. For a mile of railway track, around 500 trees were cut. This led to rapid deforestation.

2. Shipbuilding :
Another major cause of deforestation was shipbuilding industry. As oak forests of Europe were”exhausted by shipbuilding industry, the Indian forests were looked upon to provide hard and durable wood to build ships. This led to rapid deforestation in colonial India.

3. Agricultural expansion :
Not only European but Indian population also was increasing rapidly. This led to rise in demand of agricultural products. But land being limited, the supply of agricultural-products could not match the demand. Thus, the expansion of agriculture was decided. This was done at the cost of forests.

4. Commercial farming :
Commercial farming also affected the forest area of India. This type of farming required fertile land. But, the agricultural land, which was in use from so many years, was not as productive as the land acquired by cutting the forests. This encouraged the cause of commercial farming at the cost of destruction of forests.

5. Tea/Coffee plantations: Plantation industry was promoted at the cost of forests, as it resulted into large revenues. Permits were issued and every possible help was provided to planters. The forest dwellers were employed at low wages to cut frees and to work on plants.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

6. Adivasis and other peasant users : These communities fought for their cause, as they lost the forest wealth to the government. But as soon as they got a chance to acquire land, they indulged in agricultural practice. And then, after independence, did not leave that forest area.

Question 4.
Why are forests affected by war ? (Annual Exam. (Delhi), 200ft)
Answer:
Forests are affected by war-because during war, the main emphasis is on destroying the food resources and hiding places of enemy, which forests supply. Also, forests are burnt excessively to clear the visibility of ground forces and air force.

Topicwise Questions Introduction

1 Mark Question (Objective Type)

Question 1.
How many per cent of world forest area was cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuelwood between 1700 and 1995 ? (2011-06/BI)
Or
What percentage of forest was cleared between 1700-1995 as a result of industrialization and various other reasons ? (2016-K98RXRX; 2014-K901RGL)
(a) 19.3%
(b)9.3%
(c) 6.3%
(d) 16.3%
Answer:
9.3%

1. Why Deforestation

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
How much part of Indians land mass was under cultivation in 1600 AD ?
(a) 1/4
(b) 1/6
(c) 1/5
(d) 1/2 (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 08/A1)
Answer:
(b) 1/6

Question 2.
Colonial rulers considered forests as unproductive because :
(a) the forests are not fit for cultivation.
(b) the forests only have wild grown trees.
(c) the forests did not yield revenue to enhance the income of the state.
(d) the forests are full of wild animals. (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 18/A1)
Answer:
(c) the forests did not yield revenue to enhance the income of the state

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 3.

How many sleepers are required for each mile of railway ?
(a) 1600 to 2000 sleepers
(b) 1500 to 2500 sleepers
(c) 1760 to 2000 sleepers
(d) 1360 to 1500 sleepers (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 06/Cl)
Answer:
(c) 1760 to 2000 sleepers

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Explain any five reasons which were responsible for deforestation during the colonial rule. (2012-48036, 48025, 48015, 48041)
Or
What were the five main causes of deforestation in India during colonial period ? Describe. (2016-DQ9E46X, NSQFA1)
Or
Explain the term deforestation. Mention three causes of deforestation in India due to colonial rule. (2011-SA2, 14/A1)
Answer:
(1) The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation.
(2) Causes of deforestation in India during the colonial rule were as follows
(i) The demand for. crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton increased in nineteenth century. In Europe, foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for industrial production.
(ii) The colonial government considered forests unproductive that had to be brought under cultivation so that the land could yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state.
(iii) The oak forests in England were exhausted which created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. Therefore, trees were felled on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber were being exported from India.
(iv) Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. The trees were cut to make sleepers that were put into railway tracks. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger number of trees were felled.
(v) Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 5.
The spread of railways from the 1850s created which new demands on the Indian forests and how were they met with ? Explain. (2016-K98RXRX; 2015-FLZVJRG; 2014-FS3S9Q1)
Or
“Development of Railways was one of the major reasons of deforestation” Give argument to support the statement.
(2016-8BJGMDQ, QE84530)
Or
Which new demands were created on Indian forests due to the spread of railways from the 1850s ? How were they met with? Explain.
Answer:
(1) The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand.
(2) Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops.
(3) To run locomotives, as fuel and to lay railway lines sleepers which were essential to hold the tracks together, wood was needed.
(4) From 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. In 1946, the length of tracks had increased to over 7,65,000 km.
(5) Each mile of railway track required between 1760 and 2,000 sleepers. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled.
(6) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately.

Question 6.
When and why did the forests around the railway tracks start disappearing very fast ? Explain. (2016-BU8ZC5G; 2015-Mosf Imp.)
Or
Why did forests around railway tracks in India start disappearing after 1860 ? (2016-3P77UDN)
Answer:
(1) From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly.
(2) By 1890, about 25,000 km of railway track had been laid.
(3) In 1946, the length of the tracks had increased to over 7,65,000 km.
(4) As the railway track spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled.
(5) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately.
This was the reason why the forest around the railway tracks fast started disappearing.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

2. The Rise Of Commercial Forestry

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
When and where was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up ?
(a) Lahore, 1906
(b) Peshawar, 1916
(c) Nagpur, 1908
(d) Dehradun,1906 (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 04/A1, 32/B2, 34/A1, 08/A1)
Answer:
(d) Dehradun,1906

Question 2.
When was the Indian Forest Service set up by Brandis:
(a) 1863
(b)1864
(c)1865
(d) 1866 (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 06/A1)
Answer:
(b)1864

Question 3.
Dietrich Brandis was the :
(a) First governor of forest management.
(b) Founder of forest society.
(c) First Inspector General of Forest in India.
(d) Governor to introduce Forest Act of 1858. (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 13/BI, 16/A1)
Answer:
(c) First Inspector General of Forest in India

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

3/5 Marks Questions 

Question 4.
How were the lives of the Indian villagers affected by scientific forestry ? Explain. (2016-4JMQMA8, 4751ULX, TWKZ96R1, 2011-05/A1)
Or
How did the Forest Act cause severe hardships for villagers across the country ? (2016-6RG3MN9, 6QDR56Y, PAVDZPC)
Answer:
(1) Villagers wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy their different needs – fuel, fodder, and leaves. On the other hand, the forest department wanted trees which were suitable for building ships or railways. So, particular species like teak and sal were promoted and others were cut down.
(2) After the Act, all their everyday practices – cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.
(3) People were now forced to steal wood from the forest, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.
(4) Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried.
(5) It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 5.
Why were forests important for the poor people ? Explain with the help of examples. (2016-5G7486T, ECHS79F; 2015-0NWVSDK; 2014-LXZ9WBR, GNXOCLC)
Answer:
(1) Poor villagers wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs — fuel, fodder, leaves. In forest areas, people used forest products – roots, leaves, fruits and tubers for many things.
(2) For example,
(i) Fruits and tubers are nutritious to eat. –
(ii) Herbs are used for medicine.
(iii) Wood is used for agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs.
(iv) Bamboo makes excellent fences and is also used to make baskets and umbrellas.
(v) A scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle.

Question 6.
What made Brandis realise that a proper system had to be introduced to manage the forests in India ? How was the system implemented ? (2016-O1A3E0X, 3HVZNST)
Or
Who was Dietrich Brandis ? Explain any four of his ideas for the management of forests in India during British period. (2O16-6QYR5Y0, 9AGOTXP)
Or
Mention the three conclusions that Dietrich Brandis drew about Indian forests. (2016-CP4MJQ1, Z44C6EO, DG5NMSJ; 2014-U9KHEJN, 03QSWGH)
Answer:
(1) Dietrich Brandis was appointed as the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
(2) The reforms introduced by him were as follows :
(i) He felt the necessity of introducing a proper system for managing the forests.
(ii) People had to be trained in the science of conservation.
(iii) Rules about the use of forest resources had to be framed.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

(3) Brandis suggested the idea of Scientific Forestry. According to this :
(i) Felling of trees and grazing had to be restricted so that forests could be preserved for timber production.
(ii) Anybody who cut trees without following the system had to be punished.
(iii) The forests having mixture of plant species were to be replaced by the straight rows of single species of plants.
(iv) This system advocated planting only those trees which provided timber.

(4) He set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.

3. Rebellion In The Forest

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
Which one of .the following rivers flow across Bastar East to West ?
(a) Ganga
(b) Son
(c) Narmada
(d) Indrawati (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 08/A1)
Answer:
(d) Indrawati

Question 2.
The Gond forest community belongs to which of the following ?
(a) Chhattisgarh
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Gujarat (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 29/A1)
Answer:
(a) Chhattisgarh

Question 3.
The Dhurwas were associated with the :
(a) Kanger fores
(b) Ranker forest
(c) Korava forest
(d) None of these (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 29/BI)
Answer:
(a) Kanger forest

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Which tribal communities live in Bastar and how are their lives intertwined with each other ? (2015-TLTS63K)
Or
How far is it correct to say that the tribals of Bastar live an interdependent life that is intertwined with each other ? Explain. (2016-W8LHXTM, FGELOX2)
Answer:
(1) In Bastar, a number of different communities lived such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.
(2) They spoke different languages but shared common customs and beliefs.
(3) The people of Bastar believed that each village was given its land by the goddess Earth and in return, they looked after the goddess Earth by making her some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(4) Since each village knows where its boundries lie, the local people look after all the natural resources within that boundry.
(5) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another villages, they pay a small fee called d&bsari, dand or man in exchange.

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 5.
Describe the habitat and lifestyle – of the tribals of Bastar. (2016.0SSW7H6, 2KMVXAR)
Or
Describe the life of the tribal people of Bastar. (2016-DG5NMSJ, ONEOSIT, 0NCL2PF)
Or
How did the people of Bastar live before 1905 ? Explain their beliefs and traditions.
Answer:
(1) The people of Bastar lived in peace and harmony in the forest villages. They obtained their livelihood from forests and forest products. They hunted preys, collected forest products and practised shifting cultivation.
(2) Their beliefs and traditions were as follows :
(1) They believed that each village was given its land by the goddess Earth and in return, they looked after the earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.
(ii) They showed respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.
(iii) Each village had its boundary. The local people looked after all the natural resources within the boundary.
(iv) If people from a village wanted to take some wood from the forests of another village, they had to pay a small fee called devsari in exchange.
(v) Some villages also protected their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributed some grains to pay them.
(vi) Every year there was one big hunt where the headmen of the villages in a pargana met and discussed issues of concern, including forests.

Question 6.
Why and how did the tribals of Bastar rebel against the Britishers ? (2016-VYH1TDB, KNC1NKM; 2015-Y3UMBE3; 2014-C8BRV8Q, M9IJ26T, V6K0YSD)
Or
Which moves of the British worried the tribals of Bastar and how did they suffer ? (2016-H4MDF9A, HGOZ4G7)
Or
How did the moves of the colonial govera-ment pave way for the Bastar rebellion ? Explain. (2015-1K51AZT)
Answer:
(1) Following moves worried the tribal of Baster :
(i) The colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest, stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
(ii) Some villagers were allowed to stay on in the reserved forest on the condition that they worked free for the forest department.
(iii) People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.

(2) (i) The British reacted harshly to it and sent troops to suppress the rebellion. The British surrounded adivasi’s camps and fired upon them.
(ii) People who took part in the rebellion were beaten and punished.
(iii) Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungles. It took three months for the British to regain control.
(iv) In a major victory of the rebels, work on reservation of forests was temporarily suspended and the area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 19 IQ.

4. Forest Transformations In Java

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
Who established control over Java ?
(a) The English
(b) The French
(c) The Portuguese
(d) The Dutch (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 11/A1)
Answer:
(d) The Dutch

Question 2.
Java is famous for :
(a) Rice production
(b) Mining Industry
(c) Huge population
(d) Flood and famines (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 16/BI)
Answer:
(a) Rice production

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 4 Forest Society and Colonialism

Question 3.
Who among the following were a community of skilled wood cutters and shifting cultivators ?
(a) Kalangs
(b) Gonds
(c) Dhurwas
(d) Halbas (2011-CBSE-SA-II, 12/BI)

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Describe the forest laws imposed by the Dutch on the villagers of Java. (2016-NQLRJ3Q, Y8E5V10; 2O15-0RM48D2)
Or
How were ‘Forest laws’ enacted in Java ? Explain. (2016-TO8AYGY; 2015-G9QJ1R4)
Answer:
(1) Dutch had imposed many strict forest laws on the villagers of Java.
(2) The Dutch had imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.

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