UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

UP Board Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions

UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution InText Questions and Answers

Activity and In-text Questions

In-text Questions (Page No. 28)

Question 1.
How could a society without property operate ?
Answer:
If there is a collective social interest, a society without property can develop.

Question 2.
What would be the basis of socialist society ?
Answer:
(i) The basis of socialist society suggested by some socialists was the development of coo-peratives and replacement of capitalist enterprises.
(ii) Cooperatives were to be the associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by the members.

Activity (Page No. 28)

Question 1.
List two differences between the capitalist and socialist ideas of private property.
Answer:
Capitalist
(i) They were owners of the industries because they invested the capital in it.
(ii) They believed that the profit should go to factory’s owners.

Socialist :
(i) They believed that all property should be socially controlled.
(ii) They believed that the profits are the result of the worker’s labour, so they deserve it.

Activity (Page No. 29)

Question 1.
Imagine that a meeting has been called in your area to discuss the socialist idea of doing away with private property and introducing collective ownership. Write the j speech you would make at the meeting, if you are :

a poor labourer working in the fields
a medium-level landowner
a house owner

Answer:
(i) A poor labourer working in the fields :
Nature does not discriminate between anyone in providing its resources, then why some have more and others less a means of livelihood. The property is the result of hard labour. Hard labour is performed , by the poor labourers working in the fields. But, they are not given the share of profits they produce. This profit is totally owned by the landowners, who have the ownership only due to their power of inheritance. So, private property should be abolished and collective i ownership of property should be introduced.

(ii) A medium-level landowner :
Dear friends, the idea of socialism is good, but the complete abolition of private property is ‘ not rational. It will reduce the production of crops. Man always tries to do more if the expected output is for self. But, he does not put more effort in any activity if its benefit is not for himself. So, private property should not be abolished but should be equally distributed among the people. There should not be huge ownership by few while others are deprived completely.

(iii) A house owner :
Dear Mends, in my view everyone should have at least the basic needs of life available to him, i.e., bread, clothes and house. But, these basic needs should not be fulfilled by taking away the rights and property of others. Those, who do not have these, should be given opportunity and means to obtain their livelihood. Because, if they will be provided these basic needs without their efforts and labour, they will become lazy and dependent on other’s efforts forever. So, they must be helped to stand on themselves and not lie effortless.
Thanks.

Activity (Page No. 33)

Question 1.
Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905 ? What were the demands of the revolutionaries ?
Answer:
(1) (i) Russia was a huge country but one of the least industrialised European nations. Most industry was the private property of industrialists. Working conditions were poor. The industrial workers suffered exploitation.

(ii) In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land. But, the Nobility, the Crown and the Church owned large properties. Like the industrial workers, peasants also lived in miserable conditions.

(iii) Russia was an autocracy. Unlike other European rulers, the Tsar (Tsar Nicholas II) was not subject to Parliament. He cared little for his people. His indifferent attitude and corrupt bureaucracy alienated him from the general public.

(iv) Tsar Nicholas II had dragged Russia into the First World War. The Russian army was poorly equipped and trained to fight against the mighty Germans. So, it suffered heavily in the war. Such a defeat turned people against the Tsar.

(v) On the other hand, Karl Mark’s theory of ‘Scientific Socialism’ appealed to the people. He said that workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property by a revolution.

(vi) By the 1870s, socialist ideas had spread throughout Europe. Workers had formed assciations to fight for better working conditions. But, all political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. (Any three)

(2) (i) They wanted reduction in the working day to 8 hours. It was noticed that in craft units and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours.
(ii) They demanded an increase in real wages which were much lower in comparison to those in other major European countries. Prices of essential goods had risen quickly.
(iii) The workers also demanded improvement in working conditions which were very deplorable.
(iv) The workers got poor accommodation. It varied from rooms to dormitories.
(v) The middle class workers also complained about the lack of civil liberties. They demanded a Constituent Assembly. (Any three) Activity

(Page No. 34)

Question 1.
The year is 1916. You are a general in the Tsar’s army on the eastern front. You are writing a report for the government in Moscow. In your report suggest what you think the government should do to improve the situation.
Answer:
Sir, on the eastern front, the army is fighting a good deal but with large casualties. Due to casualties, the soldiers are depressed. They do not want to continue the war. So, in my view, it is better to think about other options like Guerrilla war instead of meeting continued defeat and heavy casualties.

Activity (Page No. 36)

Question 1.
Look again at source A and Box 1.
(i) List five changes in the mood of the workers.
(ii) Place yourself in the position of a woman who has seen both situations and write an account of what has changed.
Answer:
(i) The five changes in the mood of the workers were as follows :

Propaganda was done in the plants and shops on an individual basis.
These were followed by discussion circles.
Legal meetings took place for official issues.
This was integrated into the general struggle for thq liberation of the working class. .
Illegal meetings were arranged during lunch/in evening break, in front of the exit, in the yard, on the stairs.

(ii) In the earlier situation, work was going on and no one favoured to stop it. . .

But in the second situation, the women workers inspired then- male co-workers.
Marfa Vasileva called a successful strike alone at the Lorenz telephone factory.
She was offered some concession, but she refused to join the factory unless all the workers were treated equally.
She was followed by all women workers and somewhere by men too in calling the strike.
Thus, in the second situation, the protest was through the strike while in the first, strike was not adopted for it. Instead, different propaganda, meetings, etc. of the workers were the main means.

Activity (Page No. 40)

Question 1.
Read the two views on the revolution in the countryside. Imagine yourself to be a witness to the events. Write a short account from the standpoint of :

an owner of an estate
a small peasant
a journalist

Answer:
An owner of an estate :
My estate was overpowered by the peasants. I, with my family, was calm. They treated us correctly and politely. Servants always assured us not to bother. They supported our safety and property. They treated us as human beings. I also heard that our property would be returned. But, I didn’t know when it would happen.

A small peasant :
I, with other peasants, had been living a life of misery since birth. We didn’t have large farmhouses to work collectively for profit. Now, we have the opportunity to the free land. At the same time, war has ended, which gives us peace, time and resources to work collectively. We have looted many things from landowners’ manor houses and stock farms.

A journalist :
As soon as the news of the uprising arrived in the villages, the peasants welcomed it very enthusiastically. They were happy because free land was available to them and war had ended. The peasants looted the houses of the rich landowners and their farms’ stocks. The revolutionaries cut down the large orchards of the rich landowners and sold them to the peasants. They
destroyed the buildings of the rich and the noble and their lands were distributed among the peasants free of cost.

Activity (Page No. 41)

Question 1.
Why did people in Centrhl Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways ?
Answer:
(1) The non-Russian nationalities and Muslim ‘Jadidists’ cooperated with the Bolsheviks. Through their cooperation, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire in January 1920.

(2) The local nationalists did not cooperate with the Bolsheviks, whereas Russian colonists themselves turned Bolsheviks. The reason was that in the Central Asia, China, Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism.

Activity (Page No. 47)

I. Compare the passages written by Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore. Read them in relation to sources F and G.

Question 1.
What did Indians find impressive about the USSR?
Answer:
Shaukat Usmani praised the equality which was brought by the revolution in Russia. He said that he had come to the land of real equality. He opined that in spite of their poverty, people were more happy and satisfied. There was no barrier which could stop them from mixing altogether, like caste or religion. Rabindranath Tagore was impressed with the outcome which the Russian Revolution brought. He said that no gentleman could put the masses or poors under exploitation. Now, who were in dark since centuries, have come in open freely.

Question 2.
What did the writers fail to notice ?
Answer:
Both the writers failed to notice that the way through which the Bolshevik Party captured the power and ruled the state in the name of socialism which was not justified, static and everlasting. That is why, it failed in the last.

Activity (Page No. 48)

Question 1.
Imagine that you are a striking worker in 1905 who is being tried in court for your act of rebellion. Draft the speech you would make in your defence.
Answer:
Your honour, I have hot committed any crime. I did not get full diet for 7 days. I was wearing only one cloth since last year. My wife and two children died in front of me due to hunger. Your majesty, can I ask when anybody is in this state of mind and livelihood, what the system expects froth that person. Sir, justice is in your hand.

Question 2.
Write the headline and a short news item about the uprising of 24 October 1917 for each of the following newspapers :
a Conservative paper in France
a Radical newspaper in Britain
a Bolshevik newspaper in Russia
Answer:
(i) A Conservative paper in France :
The Uprising of Bolsheviks under Arrest: At the dawn of the day, the military troops had seized two Bolshevik’s buildings where it published the newspapers. The military also has taken the telephone and telegraph under control and protected the Winter Palace.

(ii) A Radical newspaper in Britain :
Bolshevik Action is Approved : The city is under the revolutionaries’ control. Ministers have surrendered. All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd has approved the Bolshevik action.

(iii) Bolshevik newspaper in Russia :
Bolsheviks have Won the War : The party has captured many governmental military points in addition to Winter Palace. We, the people of Russia and followers of Bolshevik Party, have controlled finally the centre of power, i.e., Moscow-Petrograd area.

UP Board Class 9 History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution Textbook Questions and Answers

Exercises Of Ncert (Page No. 48)

Question 1.
What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905 ?
Or
What were the social and economical conditions of Russia before 1905 ? {Annual Exam. 2009)
Or
What type of an economy existed in Russia before the Revolution ? (2016-KB0CUQA, KQT9REI; 2015-RJQXOOQ)
Answer:
(1) Russian society was divided into two groups— industrialists and peasants.
(2) The industrial society lived in the towns. Peasants, along with nobles, the crown and the Orthodox Church lived in the rural areas.
(3) Workers were divided into social group. Some came daily from the nearby villages and some workers were permanently settled in the town.
(4) Workers were divided on the basis of skills. Women workers constituted about one-thirds of the total workers. They were paid less. Some workers formed associations which helped them in the time of need.
(5) In the rural areas, peasants cultivated most of the land. The nobility, the crown and the Church owned large properties. Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar.

Question 2.
In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917 ? (2015-O7QW5E0; 2014-491WCU; 2013-BK8GX5R; 2010-980721-Cl)
Or
In which ways were Russian peasants different from other European peasants ? (2012-75; 2011-480023, 27; 2010-980707-C1, 709-B1)
Or
Explain any five differences between the peasants of Russia and peasants of Europe. . (2016-NS5WIB3, UST5T46; 2015-NGXU77W; 2014-MM9T53C; 2012-61)
Answer:
(1) At the beginning of the 20th century, the vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85% of Russia’s population earned their living from agriculture. This proportion was much higher compared to other European countries. For example, in France it was about 40%.

(2) As a result of Industrial Revolution, European countries like Britain, France and Germany had become fairly industrialised. But industry in Russia existed only in pockets.

(3) Peasants in the Tsarist Russia had no respect for nobility. They even murdered landlords. This was unlike France where during the French Revolution in Brittany (a part of France), peasants respected nobles and fought for them.

(4) The Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in another way. They pooled their land together periodically and their commune divided it according to the needs of individual families.

(5) Some Russian socialists felt that Russia could become socialist more quickly than other countries. This was so because of the Russian peasant custom of pooling and dividing land periodically.

(6) Workers in the Tsarist Russia were a divided social group. Some had strong links with their native villages. Other had settled in cities permanently. Workers were also divided by skill. Metal workers considered themselves aristocrats among other workers.

(7) Women made up 31% of the factory labour force by 1914, but they were paid less than men.

Question 3.
Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917 ?
Answer:
(1) In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd, were grim. Food shortages were deeply felt in workers’ quarters.
(2) On 22 February, a lockout took place at & factory in the city. The next day, workers in 50 factories called a strike in sympathy. In many factories, women led the way to strikes.

(3) On Sunday, 25 February, the government suspended the Duma (the Parliament). This was opposed by politicians. Demonstrators returned in force to the streets on the 26th of February.

(4) When the government called the cavalry to control the situation, it refused to fire on the demonstrators. Soldiers and striking workers gathered to form a ‘Soviet’ or council. This was the PetrOgrad Soviet.

(5) A delegation went to see the Tsar. His military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed their advice and abdicated on 2 March 1917. A Provisional Government was formed to run the country.

Question 4.
Make two lists : one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and the effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what the impact of each was on Soviet history.
Answer:
A. Events and Effects of the February Revolution :

On 22nd February 1917 : Lockout of a factory on the right- bank, effect — the workers of 50 factorie^went on strike the next day.
24th and 25th : Demonstrators came back on the streets which were dispersed by imposing emergency.
On 25th February : The government suspended the Duma. Politicians criticised the measure.
On 26th February : Workers returned in force to streets.
On 27th February : Workers ransacked the police headquarters.
On 2nd March : Tsar abdicated. It brought down the monarchy.

B. Events and Effects of the October Revolution :

On 15th October 1917 : Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. It led to the formation of a Military Revolutionary Committee for seizure of power.
On 24th October : Uprising began. The buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers were seized.
On the same day : Government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.
Responding to the government’s action, Military Revolutionary Committee seized the government offices and arrested the ministers.
In the last of the day, the Revolutionaries took over different military points.
By nightfall, the city was under the Committee’s control and the ministers had surrendered.
By December, the Bolsheviks had controlled the Moscow- Petrograd area.

(i) Men and women workers were involved in the February Revolution. Bolsheviks were involved mainly in the October Revolution. Lenin and Leon Trotskii were the main leaders of the revolutionaries.
(ii) The February Revolution brought down the monarchy and the autocracy collapsed, whereas the October Revolution made the Bolsheviks seize the power a communist region in Russia.

Question 5.
What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution ?
Or
What were the three main changes observed after October Revolution in Russia ?(2010-980710-B1, B2)
Or
What were the different measures implemented by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution in Russia ? (2010-980709-B1, Cl)
Answer:
(1) The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property. So, right to private property was abolished. All means of production were brought under the State control.
(2) Industries and banks were nationalised. The government took over their ownership and management.
(3) Land was declared social property. Peasants were allowed to seize the land of nobility.
(4) In cities, the Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
(5) Trade unions were kept under party control. The secret police, called Cheka, punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks.
(6) They banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy. New uniforms were designed for the army and officials.

Question 6.
Write a few lines to show what you know about : Kulaks, the Duma, women workers between 1900 and 1930, the liberals,
Answer:
(i) Kulaks : It was the name used for well-to-do peasants in Russia. In 1928, the Communist Party members toured the grain- producing areas and searched enforced grain collections by raiding Kulaks.

(ii) The Duma : Duma was an elected consultative body, i.e., the Parliament. It was created by the Tsar during the 1905 Revolution. But, the Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days.

(iii) Women workers between 1900 and. 1930 : The women workers constituted 31 per cent of the factory labour force. But, they were paid less than their men counterparts. In most of the factories, they were paid between half and three-quarters of a man’s wage. Due to ill-treatment and social exploitation, women workers accompanied their men counterparts. Consequently, on 22 February 1917, in many factories, the women workers went on strike. That is why, this day came to be known as the International Women’s Day. During Russian Revolution, women workers often inspired their male co-workers. Marfa Vasileva, a milling machine operator, .stopped work and declared indefinite strike. When the administrators sent her a loaf of bread, she took it but refused to go back to work by saying, “I cannot be the only one who is satiated when others are hungry.”

(iv) Liberals :
(a) Liberals belonged to one of the groups in Russia who favoured change in society.
(b) They wanted a secular state, i.e., nation which could tolerate all religions.
(c) They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
(d) They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against the government.
(e) They were in favour of a representative, elected parliamentary government subject to laws interpreted by an independent judiciary.
(f) But, they were not democrats, so they didn’t favour universal franchise, i.e., right to vote to all citizens. Instead, they favoured that the men of property mainly should vote.
(g) They also didn’t favour the right to vote for women.

Topicwise Questions

1. The Age Of Social Change

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
Which one of the following countries was not included in Russian Empire in 191<4 ?
(a) Finland
(b) Lithuania
(c) Latvia
(d) Austria (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980711-A1)
Answer:
(d) Austria

Question 2.
The associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members are commonly termed as :
(a) Capitalism
(b) Cooperatives
(c) Collectivism
(d) Socialism (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980701-A1)
Answer:
(b) Cooperatives.

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 3.
Describe tKe vision of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc. (2014-4NNI2RB)
Or
What was the vision of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc related to co-operatives ? Explain. (2016-2ZJXX59, UST5T46, 5FGBJWR; 2015-0SEZZ4F, F7T0JFG, 60Y420J, KQVF01X)
Answer:
(1) Robert Owen (1771-1858) was a leading English manufacturer. He wanted to build a co-operative community called ‘New Harmony’ in Indiana, (USA) Many socialists also agreed with his vision.

(2) In France, Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the Government to encourage co-operative and replace capitalist enterprises. These co-operatives were to be associations of people who produced good together and divided the profit accordingly.

Question 4.
Explain the views of socialists on private property. Name the international body set up to spread and co¬ordinate their efforts. (2016-L1UCE4L, LTGCEOB9, E07SHHK; 2015-KYRFPZI; 2013-IK2F216, JAWYOA7)
Or
Explain the views of the socialists on private property ‘with special emphasis on Karl Marx. Name the International body set up to spread and co-ordinate their efforts. (2016-3KITSPB; 2012-54)
What was the vision of the socialists of France ? Explain. (2016-I03PN2W, FCDQH7I, RJVYDLX)
Or
Explain any three views of the socialists about private property. (2016-1IYWXJN, JCBRSTY, R6ES594)
Answer:
(1) Socialists were against private property and saw it as a root of all social evils.
(2) Socialists, favoured society as a whole rather than individually controlled property, more attention would.be paid to collective social interests.
(3) Marx stat’ed that under capitalists’ society the main object
of the industrialist is to earn profit. He believed the condition of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists.
(4) Since the profit of capitalists was produced by the workers, Marx believed to free themselves from capitalists’ exploitation. Workers had to overthrow capitalism and rule of private property. They had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.
(5) He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflictrwith capitalist. A communist society was the natural society of the future.
(6) To coordinate their efforts, socialists formed the international body namely, the ‘Second International’.

Question 5.
Explain Karl Maibt’s theory of socialism. (2016-8RU8LO, CIE8G04, LGFI21Q; 2014-6ZG0M8H; 2012-53, 82)
Or
Who was Karl Marx ? What was his theory of socialism ? (2015-J3DZQN4; 2014-TIC6NA4)
Or
Summarize the philosophy of Karl Marx. (2016-KZPTGXS, NYOZWE7; 2O15-53XK0H0)
Answer:
(1) Karl Marx was a staunch supporter of socialism and deadly against capitalism and private property.
(2) Theory of Socialism :
(i) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that industrial society was ‘Capitalist’. Capitalists owned the capital, invested in factories and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
(ii) The conditions of workers would not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists.
(iii) Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.
(iv) He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists and a communist society was the natural society of the future.
(v) In his opinion, workers should be the member of industrial management.

Question 6.
Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals. Explain in three points. (2014-G4SYU1P; 2013-JAWYOA7)
Or
How did the conservatives differ from the Radicals and the Liberals ? (2015-2PNL3CA; 2014-VKAWXM; 2013-16D011R)
Or
State one idea different from each other for Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives. (2016-L1UCE4L; 2014-17X80VR)
Or
Explain any two differences between the political ideas of Liberals and those of the Radicals in Russia in the early 20th century. (2016-WE9462K, WL9155G, 7AP9QMK, UST5T46)
Answer:
(1) Liberals :
(i) One of the groups which aimed at changing society was that of the Liberals. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
(iii) They wanted a representative elected parliamentary government but did not believe in Universal Adult Franchise. They also did not want the vote for women.

(2) Radicals :
(i) They wanted a government based on the majority of a country’s population. They supported Universal Adult Suffrage, including the vote for women.
(ii) Unlike Liberals, they opposed the privileges of the landlords and the industrialists.
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property but opposed concentration of property in a few hands.

(3) Conservatives :
(i) They opposed to Liberals and Radicals. In the 18th century, they were generally opposed to the idea of change.
(ii) BY the 19th century. They accepted that some change where necessary, but through a slow process.
(iii) They believed in old or past traditions.and customs.

2. The Russian Revolution

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
Who led the Bolshevik group in Russia during Russian Revolution ?
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Friedrich Engels
(c) Vladimir Lenin
(d) Trotskii (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980707-B1)
Answer:
(c) Vladimir Lenin

Question 2.
Muslim reformers within the Russian Empire were called :
(a) Jacobin
(b) Khalifa
(c) Jadidists
(d) Muzahidins (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980709-A1, 721-C1)
Answer:
(c) Jadidists.

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 3.
Explain the economy and society of Russia at the beginning of twentieth century. (2013-MEMHSK2)
Or
Explain any five socio-economic conditions of Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. (2016-MN85L0V)
Or
Describe in three points the condition of workers in Russia in the beginning of the twentieth century. (2016-HC96N98, TIPH75U, TRFIY01; 2015-B46LCBM; 2014-8881JOW)
Answer:
Economy and society of Russia at the beginning of twentieth century is explained below :
(1) Economy :
(i) About 85 per cent of the Russian population earned their livelihood from agriculture. Russia was a major exporter of grains.
(ii) Craftsmen undertook much of the production in industries. Large factories existed alongside craft workshops. Many factories were set up in the 1890s, Russia’s railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industries increased.
(iii) Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.

(2) Society :
(i) Russian society was divided into two groups— industrialists and peasants. The industrial society lived in towns. Peasants along with nobles lived in the rural areas.
(ii) Workers were divided into social groups. Some came daily from nearby villages and some workers were permanently settled in the town.
(iii) Workers were divided on the basis of skills. Women workers constituted one-third of the total workers. They were paid less.
(iv) In the rural areas, peasants cultivated most of the land. The nobility, the crown and the Church owned large properties. Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar.

Question 4.
Explain any three effects of the First World War on the industries in Russia. (2016-2ZJXX59, QTWH609; 2015-TQ1U5PP; 2014-A828AN8; 2013-BRWD9ZE; 2012-48, 70)
Or
What was the impact of the First World War on Russian industry ? (2014-1M9SISF)
Or
Relate the impact of the First World War on the industry of Russia. – (2015-GMJD7VL)
Answer:
(1) Russia’s own industries were a few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea.
(2) Industrial equipments disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe.
(3) By 1916, railway lines began to break down.
(4) Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result,
there were labour shortage and small workshops producing essential commodities, were shut down. .
(5) Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army.

Question 5.
Explain any three factors which led to the incident known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. (2012-35, 41)
Or
Describe the events that led to 1905 Revolution of Russia. (2015-Y6N5WQA; 2013-ADHBLY) Or
Describe the incident known as ‘Bloody Sunday’. State any two events after the Bloody Sunday which led to the Revolution of 1905 in Russia. (2016-LGFI21Q, JCBRS7Y; 2015-GOVDEM; 2014-1F6OP3P)
Answer:
(1) Bloody Sunday :
(i) Russia was an autocracy. The Tsar cared little for the vast majority of his poor people. The year, 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose very high.
(ii) The workers in St. Petersburg went on strike demanding an eight-hour working day and increase in wages.
(iii) On January 9, 1905 a mass of peaceful workers with their wives and children marched to the Winter Palace. It wanted to present a petition to the Tsar.
(iv) When this procession, led by Father Gapon, reached the Winter Palace at St. Petersburg, it was fired at by the police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.
(v) This incident is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ as it took place on Sunday.

(2) Bloody Sunday led to the Revolution of 1905 :
(i) This incident started is series of events that came to be known as 1905 Revolution.
(ii) The news of killings provoked unprecedented disturbances through out Russia. Strikes took place all over the country.
(iii) Universities closed down. Student bodies staged walkouts demanding liberties.
(iv) Middle class workers or people (comprising lawyers, doctors, engineers, etc.) farmed a Union of Unions that insisted for a Contituent Assembly.
(v) After 1905, most committees and unicns were declared illegal and severe restrictions were placed on political activity.

3. The February Revolution In Petrograd

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
Which one of the following was one of the three demands that Vladimir Lenin proposed in his ‘April Thesis’ ?
(a) To rename the Bolshevik Party as the Communist Party
(b) To nationalize the banks
(c) To have common system of elections
(d) To support Provisional Government (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980701-A1)
Answer:
(b) To nationalize the banks

Question 2.
Which one of the following terms was used for elected consultative Parliament in Russia : (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980701-C1, 709-C1)
(a) Soviet
(b) Duma
(c) Aurora
(d) Cheka
Answer:
(6) Duma.

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 3.
Who was Lenin? Describe his role in Russian Revolution of 1917. (.Annual Exam. 2009)
Or
What is meant by ‘October Revolution’ ? (2010-980711-A1, A2)
Or
Examine the role of Lenin in Russian Revolution. (2010-980707-C1, 980711A1, A2, 980721 Bl)
Answer:
(1) Lenin was a socialist and the leader of Bolshevik Party of Russia.
(2) (i) After his return from exile, Lenin was looking for a right time to seize power. This time came in September 1917.
(ii) He brought together the Bolshevik supporters in the army and the peasant. On the basis of socialist principles, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Party to seize the power. For this purpose, a Military Revolutionary Committee was created under the leadership of Trotskii.
(iii) The uprising started on 24th October 1917. The pro-government military captured Bolshevik’s buildings and newspapers.
(iv) There was heavy fighting between the government troops and the Bolshevik workers and military supporters of Bolshevik.
(v) Finally the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area in the month of December.

Question 4.
Describe the main events and effects of the February Revolution of 1917. (2013-GSDELA, SPBLY)
Mention any five effects of the Petrograd Revolution. (2016-UBYBPFI; 2014-1M9SISF)
Or
Describe the main events which led to the February Revolution in Petrograd. (2016-JDMCH3T, GL08H38, GAAQRF)
Or
Mention the main events of the February Revolution in 1917. (2016-WHWHHLS, J67ASEU)
Answer:
(1) On Sunday, 25th February, the government suspended the Duma. The politicians spoke out against this measure.
(2) Demonstrations against it spread and participants returned to the streets of the left bank on the 26th February.
(3) On 27th February, Police Headquarters were ransacked.
(4) The demonstrators came in the streets raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours of work and democracy.
(5) When the government called the cavalry to fire on the demonstrators, the cavalry refused. The striking workers had gathered to form Soviet or Council. This was Petrograd Soviet. The next day, the Tsar abdicated on the advice of his military commanders.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘October Revolution’ ? (2011-480012, 34; 2010-980707-A1, 711-A1, A2, 720-B1, 721-A1)
Or
Evaluate the circumstances leading to the Revolution of October 1917. (2014-A828AN8)
Or
Describe the events of 24 October, 1917 in Russia. (2016-AG20UBD, VWURKDA; 2015-GOVDEM; 2014-VKAWXM)
Answer:
(1) After the February 1905 Revolution, a Provisional Government under Kerenskii came into being. It was dominated by army officials, landowners and industrialists.
(2) The liberals and the socialists who wanted an elected government, were ignored. This government collapsed because of its unpopularity. It failed to introduce reforms demanded by the socialists, e.g., Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.
(3) As the trade unions grew in number and various committees were formed, the Provisional Government feared the rising influence of the Bolsheviks. It took stern measures and arrested many leaders.
(4) The conflict between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks became severe. In September 1917, Lenin began discussions for an uprising against the government. Soon the Bolshevik supporters, under him, and the Petrograd Soviet formed a Military Revolutionary Committee for the necessary actions.
(5) The uprising for the socialist seizure of power began on 24 October, 1917. The Committee, under Trotskji, ordered its supporters, to seize government offices and arrest ministers. Petrograd came under the Committee’s control.
(6) The socialists, under Lenin, had seized power. The All Russian Congress of Soviets took full political power on 25 October, 1917, according to the existing Julian Calendar.

4. What Changed After October

1 Mark Questions (Objective Type)

Question 1.
In the context of Russia, what was ‘kolkhoz’ ?
(a) Collective farm
(b) Well-to-do farmers
(c) Political Party
(d) Poor and Landless peasants
Answer:
(a) Collective farm

Question 2.
St. Petersburg, a German name was renamed as :
(a) Leningrad
(b) Moscow
(c) St. Petersburg
(d) Petrograd (2010-CBSE-SA-1-980707-C1, C2, 709-A1)
Answer:
(d) Petrograd

Question 3.
Collective farms in Russia where peasants worked jointly were known as :
(a) Kulaks
(b) Kolkhoz
(c) Cooperative
(d) Consortium (2010-CBSE-SA-I-980709-C1)
Answer:
(b) Kolkhoz

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Explain any three measures undertaken by Stalin to solve the problem of acute shortage of grains in Russia. (2016-WP1EGH9, NYOZW07, 09H4VJD)
Or
Explain measures taken by Stalin to solve the problem of acute shortages of grains. (2016-OKQ5C37)
Or
How was the period of early planned economy linked to the disasters of collectivisation of agriculture in the Soviet Unions ? Explain. (2016-FCDQH7I; 2015-MB3NOL5)
Answer:
(1) Stalin headed the ruling Communist Party in the USSR after the death of Lenin in 1924. There started the period of early Planned Economy linked to the disasters of the collectivisation of agriculture. –
(2) He introduced firm emergency measures to deal with the shortage of foodgrains and other problems. The land was given to the peasants but the small sized peasant farms could not be modernised.
(3) So, large State controlled collective farms, called ‘Kolkhoz’, were established by taking away small farm from the peasants and elimination of Kulaks. The party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms.
(4) The unhappy and angry peasants resisted or opposed the Stalin’s collectivisation programme and destroyed their livestock.
(5) In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately because of lack of co-operation from the peasants. The bad harvests of 1930-33 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million people died.

Question 5.
Explain the process of Centralised Planning in Russia. (2016-I03PN2W, KBOCUQA; 2014-9MPDEL6; 2013-ZDHU8UR)
Or
State any five facilities which were provided to the factory workers and their families by the Bolshevik Government under Centralized Planning. (2011-480021)
Or
Explain any five steps taken by the Bolsheviks to make Russia a socialist society. (2016-20YP50W, E08X2AK, KAW7AM7; 2015-CCOZBIT; 2014-EM4IETA; 2012-62) Or
How did the Bolsheviks establish a socialist state ? (2016-TDN0OZU; 2015-HBO5MLD)
Answer:
Steps taken by Bolsheviks to make Russia a socialist society :
(1) During the Civil War, industries and banks were nationalised. Peasants were permitted to cultivate on socialised lands.
(2) Centralised Planning was introduced and Five Year Plans were made.
(3) The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two plans, 1927-1932 and 1933-1938.
(4) An extended schooling system was introduced and arrangements were made for factory workers and’peasants to enter universities.
(5) Creches were established in factories for the children of women workers.
(6) Cheap healthcare and model living quarters were set up for the workers.

Question 6.
Evaluate the main changes brought about by Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution. (2014-H22F4K9)
Or
Describe the changes which followed October Revolution in Russia. (2016-TDNOOZU, 53G75NF)
Or
Highlight any five changes brought about by Lenin in Russia after October Revolution of 1917. (2016-RJVYDLX; 2015-5SNLOOO; 2014-W4TW403; 2012-50)
Answer:
(1) The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property. So, right to private property was abolished. All means of production were brought under the State control.
(2) Industries and banks were nationalised. The government took over their ownership and management.
(3) Land was declared social property. Peasants were allowed to seize the land of nobility.
(4) In cities, the Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
(5) Trade Unions were kept under the party control. The secret police, called Cheka, punished those who criticised the Bolsheviks.

Question 7.
What triggered Civil War in Russia ? (2015-FKUC3Z6; 2013-1EPFTK2, BRWW9ZE)
Or
Explain any three reasons which led to Civil War between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of the Non-Bolsheviks. (2016-DD9YM7F, RZ7QHJ7; 2014-DK0864D; 2013-XZV3IX6; 2012-52)
Answer:
(1) The success of the Russian Revolution and the rising popularity of the Bolsheviks had alarmed the West. The old Allied partners such as Britain, France and even the USA were against Russia’s withdrawal from the World War I. They wanted to end the Soviet rule.
(2) Inside the country, Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and the supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. They had been outwitted by the Bolsheviks.
(3) The leaders of the above supporters moved to South Russia and organised troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the Reds).
(4) During 1918-19, the Socialist Revolutionaries and the pro- Tsarists controlled most of the Russian empire. They were also backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops.
(5) The Bolshevik army had also become weak when soldiers of peasant background deserted because they went home for redistribution of land.
(6) The Bolsheviks ultimately emerged winners in the Civil War, mainly due to the co-operation of Non-Russian nationalities and the Muslims.

Question 8.
Why didn’t Stalin’s policy of collectivisation yield immediate results ? Explain any three reasons. (2016-A8X7X0P, HKBRE05; 2015; 2014-RZX4SZN; 2012-50)
Or
Describe any three measures taken by Stalin to increase the agricultural yield. How had peasants reacted to it ? (2015; 2013-SHCEE5E, ADHBLY)
Or
Give three reasons why Stalin’s policy of‘Collectivisation’ did not yield immediate results. (2010-980715-A1)
Answer:
(1) Stalin headed the ruling Communist Party in the USSR after the death of Lenin in 1924. There started the period of early planned economy linked to the disasters of the collectivisation of agriculture.
(2) He introduced firm emergency measures to deal with the shortage of foodgrains and other problems. The land was given to the peasants but the small-sized peasant farms could not be modernised.
(3) So large state-controlled collective farms, called ‘Kolkhoz’, were established by taking away the peasant’s land and elimination of Kulaks (rich peasants). From 1929, the party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms.
(4) The unhappy and angry peasants resisted or opposed the Stalin’s collectivisation programme and destroyed their livestock. Between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by one-third. Those who resisted this programme were severely punished, deported and exiled.
(5) In spite, of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately because of lack of co-operation from the peasants.
The problem of grain supplies was further aggravated (became worse) by the bad harvests of 1930-33. They caused one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million people died.

Question 9.
Explain any five features of Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme for peasants in Russia. (2016-HQJASPS, OKQSC37; 2015-A9AANZJ; 2014-LDZFLDP; 2012-36, 46, 61, 82)
Or
What was Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme ? Explain. (2016-1UHRJCE, E08Y2RK; 2015-B7FZNH8, UM923XP)
Or
Highlight any three features of Stalin’s Collectivisation Programme in Russia. (2016-HKBRE05, J73AW9K; 2015-WHD523D, QX55LCO)
Answer:
(1) Collectivisation:
(i) Collectivisation refers,to putting together several private farms or peasants’ small size holdings together so that they are controlled by the community or the government.
(ii) Collectivisation Programme was started by Stalin in the Soviet Union under planned economic development. From 1929, all peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhozes).
(iii) The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land and the Kolkhoz’s profit was shared.

(2) The ways Stalin used this programme :
(i) Stalin used this programme to solve the recurring problem of shortage of grain supplies by increasing agricultural production.
(ii) He believed that the shortage of foodgrains was caused by , rich peasants and traders who were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. The peasants also refused to sell their grain to government buyers at the fixed prices.
(iii) He punished those who resisted collectivisation very severely. Many were deported and exiled.

5. The Global Influence Of The Russian Revolution And The Ussr

3/5 Marks Questions

Question 1.
What was the global influence of Russian Revolution? (2015-OOGI2TB; 2012-53, 55; 2011-480028, 40; 2010-980707-A2, 721-A1)
Or
Explain the impact of Russian Revolution on the world. (2016-GAAQKFR, 47IH577; 2014-3VZQZ4N)
Or
What were the impacts of the Russian Revolution on Russia ? (2016-TRFIY01; 2011-480041; 2010-980710-B1, B2)
Or
Explain any five effects of the Russian Revolution of 1917 over Russia. (2015-KQVF01X; 2013-P72KL2A; 2012-44)
Answer:
(1) Impact on Russia :
(i) The Russian Revolution put an end to the autocratic Tsarist rule in Russia. The ruling Romanov Dynasty was abolished.
(ii) It led to the establishment of the world’s first socialist government of the peasants and workers in the world’s one of the largest countries which was one of the least industrialised States in Europe.
(iii) The new Soviet Government announced its withdrawal from the First World War as well as making peace with Germany.
(iv) There took place nationalisation or acquisition of all industries, private land, banks, mines, railways, telephones, etc. They were declared government property.
(v) There began planned economic development under Lenin and Stalin. Work became essential for all. Planned economy soon turned the USSR into a powerful industrial nation.

(2) Impact on the world :
(i) The existing socialist parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. But, the possibility of a Workers’ State’ fired people’s imagination across the world.
(ii) In many countries, Communist Parties were formed. They \ were affiliated to Comintern, e.g., the Communist Party of Great
Britain. India also had one in 1924.
(iii) The Revolution proclaimed the building of a socialist society based on equality. It redefined the concept of democracy. The Bolsheviks encouraged and inspired the colonial people in Africa, \ Asia and elsewhere to follow the Russian experiment. The ; Revolution thus, helped to end imperialism.
(iv) Socialism had started gaining tremendous popularity. Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern or the Communist International.
(v) Some persons received education in the USSR’s Communist
University of the Workers of the East. By the time of outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had become a global face of socialism and attained a world stature.

Question 2.
Discuss the positive and negative effects of the. Bolshevik government on Soviet Union and its people. Give two points of each. (2010-980701-A1)
Answer:
(1) (i) Prior to the Russian Revolution, peasants cultivated most of the land but the Nobility, the Crown and the Church owned most of the properties. The land was taken away from them by the Bolshevik government and distributed among the peasants.
(ii) A backward country had become a great power by the time of Second World War. The old backward Tsarist Russia had changed into a progressive Soviet Union.
(iii) As a result of planned economy, industries and agriculture had developed. The poor were being fed and looked after.
(iv) The socialist seizure of power in the Tsarist Russia gave a big surprise and shock to the Western World. On the other hand, it was a source of inspiration to the colonised world.

(2) (i) The change of government, from the Tsarist Russia to ‘ the Soviet Union, came at a great human cost’or suffering. The style of government in the USSR was not in keeping with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.
(ii) The Bolshevik government had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens. Those who criticised it were severely punished – deported or exiled.
(iii) Under Stalin’s planned economic development, the development projects were carried out through inhuman and repressive measures. The cultivators were treated unsympathetically.
(iv) In the world socialist movement, too, it was recognised that all was not well in the Soviet Union or with the functioning of the Communist (Bolshevik) government there. The reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined.

Map Based Questions Identification

Numbers are shown on the given outline map of the world. Identify these numbers with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.
1. A major country involved in the First World War which fought on the side of Germany.
2. A major country involved in the First World War which fought against Germany.
3. A major country related to the Allied Powers.
4. A country related to Tsar Nicholas II.
5. A country related to the Central Powers.
6. A neutral state that later joined hands with the Central Powers.
7. A neutral state that later joined with the Allied Powers.
8. Western neighbour of Spain which later joined with the Allied Powers.
9. The eastern neighbouring country of Germany which fought against the Allied Powers.
10. A major country of the First World War which fought for the Allied Powers.
11. A major country of North America which entered in the First World War in 1917.
12. An Empire which later joined to the Central Powers.
13. Neighbour of Spain which fought against the Central Powers.

Answer:
1. Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
2. England
3. Russia
4. Russia
5. Germany
6. Bulgaria
7. Romania
8. Portugal
9. Austria-Hungary
10. Belgium
11. USA
12. Ottoman Empire
13. Frahce.

Locating And Labelling

On the given outline map of the world, locate and label the following with appropriate symbols.
1. Russian Empire
2. Serbia : It fought against the Central Powers.
3. Portugal : Earlier it was neutral state that later joined hands with the Allied Powers.
4. Ottoman Empire
5. Belgium : It was included in the Allied Powers.
6. Romania : Earlier it was neutral state that later joined with the Entente Powers.
7. Holland : It was neutral state.
8. United Kingdom : It fought against Central Powers.
9. France : Major country of the First World War that fought on the side of the Allied Powers.
10. Austria-Hungary : Central Powers.
11. Greece : Earlier it was neutral state, later joined with the Entente Powers.