UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World InText Questions and Answers

Activity (Page 108)

Question 1.
Imagine that you are Marco Polo. Write a letter from China to describe the world of print which you have seen there.
Answer:
[Hint: Student write a letter yourself mentioning the following description of the world of print in China.]
The description of the world of print in China is as under:
(1) The textbooks are produced by the woodblock print technology.
(2) They are further duplicated by the skilled scribes.

Activity (Page 111)

Question 1.
You are a bookseller advertising the availabilities of new cheap printed books. Design a poster for your shop window.
Answer:

Discuss (Page 113)

Question 1.
Write briefly why some people feared that the development of print could lead to the growth of dissenting ideas.
Ans. Somfe people from upper or elite classes of Europe thought that the printed material could spread messages of revolution against the existing monarchical and religious systems. This made them fearful of print material.

Activity (Page 116)

Question 1.
Imagine that you are a cartoonist in France before the revolution. Design a cartoon as it would have appeared in a pamphlet.
Answer:
[Hint : The cartoon must show the hard times and miserable conditions of the common peasants, artisans and workers. Also, it should reflect how aristocracy was enjoying good meal and inscurious comforts with their wives.]

Discuss (Page 116)

Question 1.
Why do some historians think that print culture created the basis for the French Revolution?
Answer:
The following arguments are given in favour of the fact that the print culture created conditions for the French Revolution:
(1) Printing popularised the ideas of enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Rouseau.
(2) Collectively their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism. They propagated “reasons”. This influenced people’s mind to rebel against monarchy.
(3) Printing created new culture of dialogue and debate between old religious and political ideas and the new politico- religious ideas. This led to the spread of new ideas of social revolution.
(4) Cartoon and caricatures that came into being through print technology, mocked monarchy and expressed the sufferings of common people. This also inflamed the fire of revolution.

Activity (Page 118)

Question 1.
Look at Fig. 13. What impact do such advertisements have on the public mind? Do you think everyone reacts to printed material in the same way?
Answer:
(1) Such advertisements influence people’s minds immensely. They divert their thoughts and provoke them to buy the advertised products.
(2) No, everyone does not react to printed material in the same way.

Activity (Page 126)

Question 1.
Look atFigs, 19, 20 and 21 carefully.
(1) What comments are the artists making on the social changes taking place in society ?
(ii) What changes in society were taking place to provoke this reaction?
(iii) Do you agree with the artidt’s view ?
Answer:
(1) (i) In Fig.19, a man is dominated by his wife and he is dominating his mother. Artist comments that tradition of mother-in-law dominating the daughter-in-law through her son has reversed due to the new social changes taking place.
(ii) In Fig. 20, the role between men and women have reversed as women enjoys Hooka and a man plays Veena in order to entertain his wife.
(iii) In Fig. 21, artist sends a message that social changes do not affect the English families.
(2) The changes such as empowerment and upliftment of women through western education were occurring in the society. These changes provoked artists to depict such images of families in India.
(3) According to me, artist’s views in the illustrations 19, 20, 21 are more aggressive than the actual situation. They are partially out of focus or over assumed. The artists could have been moderate in their comments on the social changes taking place in Indian society.

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World Textbook Questions and Answers

Write in Brief

Question 1.
Give reasons for the following :
(a) Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.
(b) Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century.
(d) Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association.
Answer:
(a) It was in 1295, that the Italian explorer Marco Polo returned from his long stay in China, where the woodblock printing was popular. He brought this technique with him to Europe.
(b) Through the publication of his protestant ideas, Martin Luther challenged the orthodox practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. When he translated the New Testament, 5000 copies were sold in a very short time. This was impossible without the print technology. Therefore, he was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
(c) The Roman Catholic Church had to face many dissents from mid-16th century onwards. People had written many books that interpreted the God and the creation in their own ways. Therefore, the Church banned such books and kept their record. It was called the Index of prohibited books.
(d) Liberty of speech, press and freedom of association were three most powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion, according to Gandhi. Therefore, he said that the fight for Swaraj was a fight for liberty of speech, press and freedom for association.

Question 2.
Write short notes to show what you know about:
(а) The Gutenberg Press.
(b) Erasmus’s idea of printed book.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act.
Answer:
(a) The Gutenberg Press :
(i) It was a developed form of the olive press.
(ii) The lead moulds were used for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
(iii) By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. The first book he printed was the Bible.
(iv) He produced 180 copies of the Bible in 3 years which was much fastei by the standards of the time at that time.

(b) Erasmus’s idea of printed book :
(i) Erasmus was a La?in scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticised the printing of books.
(ii) He thought that most of the books are stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious.
(iii) According to him, such books devaluate the valuable books.

(c) The Vernacular Press Act: The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 had the following provision:
(i) It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
(ii) It provided the colonial government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials of the Vernacular press.
(iii) If a report was found to be seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

Question 3.
What did the spread of print culture in 19th century India mean to:
(а) Women
(b) The poor
(c) Reformers.
Answer:
(a) Women –
(i) The spread of the print culture in 19th century India, benefited Indian women.
(ii) The liberal families supported the education of women, but on the other hand, the conservative families prevented women from study or reading.
(iii) This led to the counter reaction, as most of the oppressed women began to study. They read books and learnt writing in the secret ways (in kitchens).
(iv) They latter expressed their lives in the biographical accounts which were published much after they were written.
Overall, the print culture helped in spread of the feeling of self-reliance among Indian women.

(b) The Poor –
(i) The poor people raised their voice through the learned and aware social leaders such as Ambedkar, Periyar, Phule, etc.
(ii) The poor people’s wretched lives were also depicted in various novels written abundantly during the 19th century.
(iii) The readership among poor people increased due to the publication of low-priced books.
(iv) Those who worked as woodcutters, found employment in the printshops.
In this way, the poor people benefited from the development of print culture in India.

(c) The Reformers :
(i) Indian reforms of 19th century utilised print culture as the most potent means of spreading their reformist ideas.
(ii) They began publishing various Vernacular and English and Hindi newspapers through which they spread message against widow immolation, child marriage, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry.
(iii) Print culture provided them a space for attacking religious orthodoxy and to spread modern social and political ideas.

Discuss

Question 1.
Why did some people in 18th century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end despotism?
Answer:
(1) Many people in the 18th century Europe, like Louise-Sebastien Mercier, thought that the print culture can create awareness and develop insight in the common people.
(2) In their views, it had the ability to make people think based on reasoning and finally develop public opinion.

Question 2.
Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Answer:
Some people feared the effect of easily available printed books because of rebellions and irreligious thoughts might spread due to it.
Examples :
(1) Europe – Roman Catholic Church tried to curb the printed book by Indexing prohibited books.
(2) India – The Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on Indian press and various local newspapers.

Question 3.
What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India?
Answer:
The spread of print culture in 19th century India had the following effects on the poor people:
(1) Many of them got employment in print shops.
(2) They got aware of national, international and local news through cheap printed material.
(3) With the Vernacular press, the nationalist ideas made home in the minds of poor people.
(4) Caste discriminations brought up through print culture, associated poor people with nationalist freedom struggle.
(5) The noble messages such as restriction on excessive drinking, increase in literacy among poors, etc. were spread through the print culture.

Question 4.
Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
Answer:
The print culture immensely helped in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:
(1) Through Vernacular press, exploitative methods of colonial government were reported.
(2) The misrule of government and its initiative on curbing the freedom of press, spread the nationalist ideas that demanded freedom of press.
(3) Revolutionary ideas were also secretly spread by the print culture.
(4) National newspapers always worked to mobilise public opinion of Indian masses.
(5) The progress of new forms such as novels, lyrics, essays, journals and newspapers, spread the feeling of value among the readers.
(6) Education spread through print culture that prepared fertile minds which were influenced by the reformist and nationalist ideas of the Indian leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Mahatma Gandhi.

Project

Question 1.
Find out more about the changes in print technology in the last 100 years. Write about the changes, explaining why they have taken place, what their consequences have been.
Answer:
(1) (i) Eighteenth century innovations : At the end of the eighteenth century, there were several remarkable innovations in the graphic techniques. Bewick developed the method of using engraving tools on the end of the wood. Senefelder discovered lithography. Blake made relief etchings.

(ii) Nineteenth century innovations :
(a) Early in the nineteenth century Stanhope and others introduced new kinds of type presses which, for strength, surpassed anything that had previously been known.
(b) Bryan Donkin developed a commercial application of the Fourdrinier machine and invented the composition roller.

(iii) Twentieth century innovations : Books and newspapers are printed today using the technique of offset lithography. Other common techniques include :

•  flexography used for packaging, labels, newspapers
• relief print, mainly used for catalogues
• screen printing from T-shirts to floor tiles
• inkjet used typically to print a small number of books or packaging.
• laser printing mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents).

Digital printing : Printing at home or in an office or engineering environment is subdivided into :

• small format (up to ledger size paper sheets) is used in business offices and libraries
• wide format (up to 3′ or 914 mm wide rolls of paper) is used in drafting and design establishments.

Some of the more common technologies are :

• Line printing – where pre-formed characters are applied to the paper by lines.
• Dot-matrix – which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs.
• Heat transfer – like early fax machines or modem receipt printers that apply heat to special paper which turns black to form the printed image.
• Inkjet – including bubble-jet – where ink is sprayed on to the paper to create the desired image.
• Laser – where toner consisting primarily of polymer with pigment of the desired colours is melted and applied directly to the paper to create the desired image.

(2) Reasons and consequences behind these changes : Vendors typically stress on the total cost to operate the equipment. For the most part, toner systems beat inkjet in the long run whereas inkjets are less expensive in the initial purchase price.
Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate it is printed on.

Digital print quality has steadily improved from early colour and black & white copiers to sophisticated colour digital presses like the Xerox iGen3, the Kodak Nexpress and the HP Indigo Digital Press series. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. All three are made for small runs and variable data, and rival offset in quality. Digital offset presses are called direct imaging presses; although these receive computer files and automatically turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variable data.

Small press and fanzines generally use digital printing or more rarely xerography. Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying, the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common.

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World Additional Important Questions and Answers

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions (Mcqs)

Question 1.
Which of the following is an ancient name of Tokyo ?
(a) Nagano
(b) Nagano
(c) Edo
(d) Gifu
Answer:
(c) Edo

Question 2.
Which of the following was the first book printed by Gutenberg ?
(a) The Diamond Sutra
(b) Chap book
(c) Grimm’s Fairy tales
(d) The Bible
Answer:
(d) The Bible.

Question 3.
Which of the following is the correct meaning of ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ ?
(a) An author
(b) Low price small books
(c) Monuments
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Low price small books

Question 4.
Who among the following started the publication of Sambad Kaumudi in 1821 ?
(a) Raja Ravi Verma
(b) Keshav Chandra Sen
(c) Raja Rammohun Roy
(d) Vivekananda.
Answer:
(c) Raja Rammohun Roy

Question 5.
Who among the following wrote Gulamgiri in 1871 ?
(a) B.R. Ambedkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) E.V. Ramaswamy
(d) Kashibaba
Answer:
(b) Jyotiba Phule

Fill in the blanks :

Question 6.
The country where the earliest kind of print technology i.e., the system of hand printing was developed, is……….
Answer:
Korea

Question 7.
The circulation of handwritten manuscripts remained limited because………..
Answer:
They were fragile and awkward to handle and could not be read easily.

Question 8.
Martin Luther posted the printed copies of the material written by him on the door of a church in…………
Answer:
Wittenberg

Question 9.
Paper back editions of books were introduced during………….
Answer:
the onset of the Great Depression.

State whether the following statements are True or False:

Question 10.
The oldest printed book of Japan is ‘Diamond Sutra’.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in 1430s.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Martin Luther King was responsible for the Protestant Reformation?
Answer:
False

Question 13.
The Church took up the task of educating the villagers of Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQs)

Question 14.
Which city of China became the new hub of print culture?
Answer:
Shanghai

Question 15.
Which place had the break-through of first printing press?
Answer:
Strasbourg.

Question 16.
Despite introduction of print-culture, why were luxurious edition still handwritten?
Answer:
Luxury editions were hand-written on very expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and rich monastic libraries which scoffed at printed books as cheap vulgarities.

Question 17.
Who wrote Ninety-Five Theses?
Answer:
Martin Luther

Question 18.
Name the first edition of the Indian religious text published on vernacular languages.
Answer:
Catholic priest printed the first Tamil book on Indian religion in 1579.

Question 19.
What was Vernacular Press Act?
Answer:
The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 under t^e Governor Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytton, for the
better control of Indian language newspapers.

Picture Based Question:

Study the picture and answer the question that follows :

(Taken from NCERT textbook, Page-109) What was the major contribution of this press?
(a) Fast process in wood block printing.
(b) The metal letters were imitated.
(c) The number of books were reduced.
(d) People started critically thinking.
Answer:
(a) Fast process in woodblock printing.

Assertion and Reason

Question 21.
In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A) :- Many people think that print will lead reformation.
Reason (R) :- Print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that would lead to the Reformation.
Options:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(e) A is wrong but R is correct.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Case!Source-Based Integrated Questions

Question 22.
Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows :
Source A : ‘To what corner of the world do they not fly, these swarms of new books? It may be that one here and there contributes something worth knowing, but the very multitude of them is hurtful to scholarship, because it creates a glut, and even in good things satiety is most harmful… [Printers] fill the world with books, not just trifling things (such as I write, perhaps), but stupid, ignorant, slanderous, scandalous, raving, irreligious and seditious books, and the number of them is such that even the valuable publications lose their value.

Source B : ‘The task of the native newspapers and political associations is identical to the role of the Opposition in the House of Commons in Parliament in England. That is of critically examining government policy to suggest improvements, by removing those parts that will not be to the benefit of the people, and also by ensuring speedy implementation. These associations ought to carefuly study the particular issues, gather diverse relevant information on the nation as well as on what are the possible and desirable improvements, and this will surely earn it considerable influence.’

Source C : ‘In 1926, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, a noted educationist and literary figure, strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion as she addressed the Bengal Women’s Education Conference : ‘The opponents of female education say that women will become unruly … Fie! They call themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenet of Islam which gives Women an equal right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women ?’

Questions :

Source A :
(i) Why did the author express a deep anxiety about printing ?
Answer:
The author was anxious because if there was no control
over what was printed and read then rebellion and irreligious thoughts might spread.

Source B :
(ii) What role is expected from the native newspapers ?
Answer:
Native newspapers are expected to play the role of opposition. These are expected to criticise those government policies which are not in favour of the common people.

Source C :
(iii) Who was Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein ?
Answer:
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein was a noted educationists and literary figure.

Question 23.
Source A : Issues of Caste Discrimination From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. RamaswamyNaicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India.

Source B : Workers in Factories Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published ChhoteAur Bade KaSawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation. The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of SudarshanChakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in a collection called SacchiKavitayan. By the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves, following the example of Bombay workers. These were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking among them, to bring literacy and, sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.

Source C : The Vernacular Press Act After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist, the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.

Questions :

Source A : Issues of Caste Discrimination
(i) Who wrote Gulamgiri in 1871 ?
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his famous book ‘Gulamgiri’ in 1871.

Source B : Workers in Factories
(ii) How did the message of nationalism propagate?
Answer:
The social reformers sponsored to get up libraries to educate mill workers or factories workers to bring literacy and sometimes, to propagate the message of nationalism.

Source C : The Vernacular Press Act
(iii) When was Vernacular Press Act passed ?
Answer:
The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878.

Subjective Type Questions

Question 24.
How had the earliest printing technology developed in the world ? Explain.
Answer:
(1) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan, and Korea.
(2) Up to 6th century, the print was used only by scholar- officials.
(3) Then, the Buddhist monasteries introduced hand printing technology.
(4) Marco Polo brought woodblock printing from China to Italy.
(5) The invention of the printing press proved great miracle in spreading knowledge.

Question 25.
Describe any three difficulties in copying manuscripts.
Answer:
The main three difficulties in copying manuscripts were as follows:
(1) The copying of manuscript was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
(2) There was one more problem. The manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle. They could not be easily carried around or read easily.
(3) When scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes in word here and there. Repeatedly these changes made the text substantially different from the original.

Question 26.
“The ‘Print Revolution’ had transformed the lives of people changing their relationship to information and knowledge.” Analyse the statement.
Answer:
(1) Print Revolution was not only a development and a new way of producing books but it was a transformation of people’s lives which changed their relationship to information and knowledge and with institutions and authorities.

(2) Print Revolution brought awareness among the masses. They became critical and rational. They began to think debate and discuss on various issues.

(3) Print Revolution opened up new ways of looking at things. It created awareness among common people about religion and religious rituals.

Question 27.
Why did the Roman Catholic Church begin to keep an Index of Prohibited Books from the mid 16th century ?
Answer:
(1) Menocchio, a miller in Italy reinterpreted the message of Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation and enraged the Roman Catholic Church.
(2) When the Roman Church began its inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Menocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately executed.
(3) The Roman Church troubled by such effects of popular readings and questioning of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

Question 28.
How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become more accessible to common people after the beginning of print revolution in Europe ?
Answer:
(1) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
(2) When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientific minded readers by his scientific logic.
(3) The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read.
(4) Those who read these books, saw the world through new eyes, that were questioning, critical and rational.
(5) There was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality.

Question 29.
Name any three women writers in India with their books.
Answer:
(1) Rashsundari Devi : She wrote her autobiography ‘Amar Jiban’ which was published in 1876. It was the first full length autobiography published in the Bengali language.

(2) Hannah Mullens : She was the author of ‘Karuna O Phulmonir Eibaran’. She wrote this novel in 1852. She tells her readers that she wrote in secret.

(3) Rokeya Hossein: She wrote a satiric fantasy in English called ‘Sultana’s Dream’ in 1905 which shows a topsy-turvy world in which women take the place of men.