UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China InText Questions and Answers

Activity (Page 31)

Question 1.
Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
Answer:
(1) Satyagraha does not mean to inflict pain on the adversary rather it is the source of soul. Truth is the substance of soul and so it is the substance of satyagraha.
(2) It does not mean destruction but it means to clear the minds of adversaries and convert distructive thoughts into constructive by showing them love, compassion and truth.
Hence, satyagraha is an active resistance.

Activity (Page 34)

Question 1.
This year is 1921. You are a student in a government-controlled school. Design a poster urging school students to answer Gandhiji’s call to join the Non-cooperation Movement.
Answer:

Activity (Page 35)

Question 1.
If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swarsy? Give reasons for your response.
Answer:
I would have responded to Gandhiji’s call for Swaraj in a positive non-violent manner. His way of truth and non¬violence was the most potent way to attain Swaraj, therefore, I would have followed him.

Activity (Page 36)

Question 1.
Find out about other participants in the National Movement who were captured and put to death by the British. Can you think of a similar example from the national movement in Indo-China?
Answer:
There were many participants in the National movement who were captured and put to death or otherwise killed by the British. These included Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, Chandrashekhar Azad, Lala Lajpat Rai, Khudiram Bose and Madan Lai Dhingra.
Note : Ilnd part of question, became out of syllabus now.

Discuss (Page 43)

Question 1.
Why did various classes and groups of Indians participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Answer:
For various classes and groups of Indians ‘Swaraj’ had different meaning. For example :
(1) To businessmen, swaraj meant a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
(2) Similarly to rich peasant classes, swaraj was a struggle against high land revenue.
(3) Women took swaraj as the attainment of elevated status and equality with men in Indian society.
(4) Poor peasants considered swaraj as the time when they would have their own land, would not have to pay rents or do begar.
(5)Working class dreamed for high wages and excellent working conditions.
Hence, Swaraj was different for different classes and groups of Indians.

Discuss (Page 45)

Question 1.
Read the source D carefully. Do you agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism? Can you* define communalism in a different way?
Answer:
(i) No, I do not agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism as it was based upon the thought that India is a land of racial and religious differences.
(ii) According to me, communalism believes in the government of a specific community. It does not have any element of nation in it, which was the motive of nationalist struggle for India’s freedom.

Activity (Page 72)

Question 1.
Look at Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.
Answer:
(i) No, I do not think that these images would appeal to all castes and communities of India.
(ii) Because, these images of “Bharat Mata” show her in the incarnation of a Hindu Goddess. This gives a religious biasness to the image. It should be avoided. The image should reflect the nationalist idea of unity of all castes and communities.

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Textbook Questions and Answers

Write in Brief:

Question 1.
Explain :
(а) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
(b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
(c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rbwlatt Act.
(d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non¬Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
(a) (i) The anti-colonial movement brought together people of all castes, classes and communities to fight against the powerful European country.
(ii) This provided a good platform for the exchange of nationalist and liberal ideas among the natives.

(b) (i) During the First World War period, prices rose in India which led to extreme hardship for the common people.
(ii) Villagers were unwillingly recruited in army and had to do begar. This led to widespread anger among Indians.

(iii) Also, the failure of crops at the same time led to the spread of anti-British and nationalist feelings among Indians.
(c) Under Rowlatt Act, Indian leaders could be detained without reason for two years in order to prevent anti-British sentiments. This led to the anger among Indians.
(d) Gandhiji withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to violent incident of Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur.

Question 2.
What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer:
(1) Satyagraha was a nobel method of mass agitation. The idea of Satyagraha emphasised upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(2) It suggested that if the cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(3) Through non-violent methods, a satyagrahi could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to ultimately triumph.

Question 3.
Write a newspaper report on :
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
(b) The Simon Commission.
Answer:
(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre :
(i) On the day of 13th April 1919, many people gathered in a closed space at Jallianwala Bagh. They didn’t know about the imposition of Martial Law in the Amritsar city.
(ii) General Dyre, the Commander, in order to teach a lesson on violating the Martial Law, came in with a small military force.
(iii) He blocked the exits from the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens who included women and children too. Hundreds of them died.

(b) The Simon Commission :
(i) It was constituted by the Tory government in Britain under Sir John Simon.
(ii) The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
(iii) But nationalists in India opposed the Commission because the Commission had not a single Indian member. They all were the British.
(iv) Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”.

Question 4.
dompare the images of Bharat Mata in this Chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer:
(1) The image of Germania was the symbol of German nation. Whereas, the image of Bharat Mata was the symbol of Indian nation.
(2) Both the images inspired nationalists who worked very hard to unify their respective countries and to attain a liberal nation.
(3) But the image of Bharat Mata is different from that of Germania, in the sense that former reflects the religious basis of its making.
(4) The image of Bharat Mata became a controversial figure and also indirectly played role in spread of communalism in preindependent India. On the other hand, the image of Germania did not have any such controversy attached to it.

Discuss

Question 1.
List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer:
(1) The social groups of India, that joined the Non¬Cooperation Movement of 1921 were as under :
(i) Middle-class people (students, teachers, lawyers, etc.)
(ii) Political parties except the Justice Party of Madras.
(iii) Merchants and traders.
(iv) Peasants of Awadh.
(v) Tribals of Andhra Pradesh.
(vi) Plantation workers in Assam.
Let’s know why some of these social groups joined the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(2) (a) Peasants of Awadh :
(i) The poor peasants of Awadh had tough times. They didn’t have land, therefore, they had to cultivate the landlord’s fields.
(ii) The latter asked for rents, which if not paid at times, led to the confiscation of the rented land as well as crops.
(iii) This incurred credit to the poor peasants and they got trapped into the debt cycle. They had to do begar and work at landlords farms without any payment.
(iv) But Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, led the poor peasants movement and with the help of Jawahar Lai Nehru established “Oudh Kisan Sabha” in 1920.
(v) This movement was later merged with the Non- Cooperation-Khilafat Movements of 1921.

(b) Tribals of Andhra Pradesh :
(i) The tribals of Andhra Pradesh were a disturbed lot. They could not enter the forests as those were reserved by the colonial government.
(ii) Tribals could not collect fuelwood from forests. Also, tribal people depended upon cattle which grazed in the jungles. But this activity ended as soon as forests were reserved. Therefore, the lives of tribals came to a standstill.
(iii) Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who firmly believed in Gandhi except for his non-violent methods of attaining freedom, tribals rebelled against the oppressive British government. They joined the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movements, but violently.

(c) Plantation Workers :
(i) They assumed Non Cooperation Movement as a means that could reunite them with their families, by overruling the terms and conditions of their contracts.
(ii) Therefore, many of them defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed to home.
(iii) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.
(iv) But their plans failed as they could not reach their destinations due to railway and steamer strikes and were cauglit by the police and brutally beaten up.

Question 2.
Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer:
(1) Salt was the thing consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential ingredients of food in India.
(2) According to Gandhi, the tax on the salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule.
(3) By the successful Salt March, Gandhi showed down upon the British colonial government in his own satyagraha way.
(4) The Salt March, indeed, was the most significant symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Question 3.
Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer:
(1) I am feeling humble and great. When I walk with thousands of like minded women, for the national cause, I feel pride.
(2) The participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement, I feel, also raises the status of women in the Indian society and put them in equal importance with Indian men.
(3) Although there occurs not much change in the domestic lives of women, but the contribution made through participation in the movement, itself is one of the most significant incidents for the Indian women.

Question 4.
Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates ?
Answer:
(1) Political leaders represented the different classes and communities of Indian society. For example, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar represented “oppressed classes” of dalits of India. Similarly, M.A. Jinnah represented muslim social group of Indians.
(2) These leaders wanted to uplift the status of their followers by securing some special political rights by securing separate electorates for them.
(3) But Congress Party, especially Gandhi believed that separate electorates would adversely affect the unity of India.

Project

Question 1.
Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Indo-China. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Indo-China became independent.
Note : Due to Indo-China movement out of syllabus we are giving here Kenya instead of Indo-China.
Answer:
Fight for Freedom of Kenya :
(1) Jomo Kenyatta was the first propaganda Secretary of the East African Association, and later the Secretary-General of the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929, Kenyatta sailed to England to present the Association’s case for freedom directly to the Colonial office, the British parliament and the people. The Carter Land Commission was convened in 1931 to adjudicate land interests and Kenyatta once again presented evidence supporting the Association’s cause. The colonial government banned all African political associations in 1940.

(2) World War II only increased African discontept as Kenyans fought side by side with their colonial masters. During the five year conflict, Africans were exposed to many new influences and developed an awareness that the white man was far from invincible. Empowered by this new outlook, African veterans went home to Kenya with the realisation that a return to the status-quo was impossible. As discontent grew, the tide of freedom swept across Africa.

(3) In 1946, Kenyatta assumed leadership of the Kenya African Union (KAU) and gave a common voice to the disparate groups. The attitude of the colonial authorities hardened as the KAU grew in number and intensity. Police suppressed KAU strikes by firing on protesters and the groundwork was laid for the freedom fight.

(4) Violence erupted on October 20, 1952 as the Mau Mau protested the midnight arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and five colleagues. Many innocent victims were slain during the revolt. The Mau Mau rebellion continued until 1956. During the three years of civil war, over 30,000 men, women, and children were imprisoned in concentration camps, many losing their homes and their land. Another 13,500 Africans and little over 100 Europeans were killed. The colonial government finally conceded some political power to the Africans with limited representation in the Legislative Council.

(5) The Birth of a Nation : General elections were held for the first time in February 1961. KANU received more votes, but refused to participate in government until Kenyatta was released. Kenyatta was finally released in August 1961. Independence became a reality for Kenya on December 12, 1963. The first universal elections in the country took place in May 1963 with an overwhelming victory for Kenyatta and the KANU party. On June 1,1963, Jomo Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister of Kenya.

Kenya vs India :

(1) The anti-colonial movement in Kenya was totally opposite of the anti-colonial movement in India. The Indian freedom movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi who showed the path of Satyagraha. The freedom struggle was based on non-violence and truth. He mobilised Indians on his own principles. And he was very very successful in his ways.

(2) One of the major drawbacks of anti-colonial fight in India was that of communal violence. Hindu and Muslims were divided on the question of regional political power sharing. This ultimately resulted into communal riots in India. And on the eve of independence, India was divided into two nation-states, namely Pakistan and India. This was not the case in the anti-colonial freedom struggle of Kenya. These are some of the major contrasts between the freedom fights of Kenya and India.

UP Board Class 10 History Chapter 2 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Additional Important Questions and Answers

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Question’s (MCQs)

Question 1.
Which one of the following statement is NOT aligned with the basic concept of ‘Satyagraha’ ?
(а) Emphasis on the power of truth.
(b) Emphasis on the need to restrain oneself.
(c) Emphasis on non-violence.
(d) Emphasis on enduring the British dominance.
Answer:
(d) Emphasis on enduring the British dominance

Question 2.
Which act gave the government power to suppress political activity and detain political prisoners without trial ?
(a) RowlattAct
(b) Government of India Act, 1935
(c) Pitt’s India Act
(d) Charter Act of 1853
Answer:
(a) Rowlatt Act

Question 3.
Which one of the following leaders has headed Oudh Kisan Sabha ?
(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Moti Lai Nehru
Answer:
(a) Jawahar Lai Nehru

Question 4.
Who amongst the following led the Civil Disobedience in Peshawar ?
(а) Abdul Gaffar Khan
(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
(a) Abdul Gaffar Khan

Question 5.
Who among the following was the author of the famous novel ‘Anandmath’ ?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(b) Abanindranath Tagore
(c) NatesaSastri
(d) Rabindranath Tagore.
Answer:
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

Fill in the blanks :

Question 6.
A peaceful protest meeting was organized atin …………….
Answer:
Jallianwalla Bagh, Amritsar.

Question 7.
Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, the plantation workers were not allowed to ………….
Ansswer:
move freely in and out of the plantations

Question 8.
The Simon Commission was boycotted in India because ……………
Answer:
there was no Indian member in the Commission.

Question 9.
The Lahore Session of the Congress declared the attainment of …………….
Answer:
complete independence as its goal and to launch Civil Disobedience Movement

Question 10.
…………. In 1905 the image of Bharat Mata shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing was painted by.
Answer:
Abanindranath Tagore

State whether the following statements are True or False:

Question 11.
Under Rowlatt Act, Indian leaders could be detained without reason for two years in order to prevent anti-British sentiments.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
Economic Depression shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920.
Answer:
True.

Question 13.
Under the Gandhi – Irwin Pact of 1931, the British government agreed to grant independence.
Answer:
False

Question 14.
The ideas of nationalism in India also developed through folklore.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQs)

Question 15.
Trace the reason because of which Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919.
Answer:
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).

Question 16.
What was the effect of the Non-cooperation Movement on the plantation workers in Assam?
Answer:
They left the plantation and headed towards home.

Question 17.
Why was Simon Commission sent to India in 1928?
Answer:
This was to look into functioning of Indian Constitutional system and suggest reforms.

Question 18.
Who formed Swaraj Party?
Answer:
C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

Question 19.
How did the Indian people belonging to different communities, regions or languages develop a sense of collective belonging?
Answer:
Through the experience of united struggles, cultural process and the revival of Indian folklores.

Picture Based Questions:

Question 20
Study the picture and answer the questions that follows:

What does this picture signify ?
(а) Protest against liquor shops.
(b) The boycott of government buildings.
(c) Dandi March
(d) The boycott of foreign cloth
Answer:
(d) The boycott of foreign cloth.

Correct the statements and rewrite :

Question 21.
Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Gujarat to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Answer:
Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
Assertion and Reason

Question 22.
In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option.
Assertion (A): In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement.
Reason (R) : British government had monopoly over the production on of salt.

Options :
(а) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct.
Answer:
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Case Source-Based Integrated Questions

Question 23.
Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follows :

Source A : Idea of Satyagraha ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he
does not seek his destruction In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will whatever. ‘Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns
the flame of love Non-violence is the supreme dharma ‘It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the wargod and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own ’

Source B : Great leader-Jawaharlal Nehru On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces fired at peasants near Rae Bareli, Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing, but was stopped by the police. Agitated and angry, Nehru addressed the peasants who gathered around him. This is how he later

described the meeting: ‘They behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger. I do not know how they felt but I know what my feelings were. For a moment my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten-but for a moment only. The thought of the great leader, who by the God’s goodness has been sent to lead us to victory, came to me, and I saw the kisans seated and standing near me, less exited, more peaceful than. I was – and the moment of weakness passed, I spoke to them in all humility on non-violence -1 needed the lesson more than they – and they heeded me and peacefully dispersed’.

Source C : The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930 ‘We believe that ic is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth.’We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.’

Questions :

Source A : Idea of Satyagraha
(i) What is Satyagraha ?
Answer:
Satyagraha is pure soul-force and truth is the very substance of the soul. So, this force is called Satyagraha.

(ii) Is Satyagraha a physical force ?
Answer:
No, Satyagraha is not a physical force.

(iii) is the supreme dharma.
Answer:
Non-violence

Source B:
(iv) Where did the police fire at peasants on 6 January, 1921 ?
Answer:
The police fired at peasants near Rai Bareilley on 6 January, 1921.

(v) Who wanted to go to the place of firing ?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing.

Source C :
(vi) Which government had deprived the Indian people of their freedom ?
Answer:
The British government had deprived the Indian people of their freedom.

Question 24.
Source A : ‘Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction .. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill- will whatever.’ Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love … Non-violence is the supreme dharma… ‘It is certain that India can not rival Britain or Europe in force of arms.

Source B : “It is said to ‘passive resistance’ that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. The movement in South Africa was not passive but active…”

Source C : ‘I have no hesitation in declaring that if the principle that the Indian Muslims is entitled to full and free development on the lines of his own culture and tradition in his own Indian homelands is recognised as the basis of a permanent communal settlement, he will be ready to stake his all for the freedom of India. The pjinciple that each group is entitled to free development on its own lines is not inspired by any feeling of narrow communalism …

A community which is inspired by feelings of ill-will toward s other communities is low and ignoble. I entertain the highest respect for the customs, laws, religions and social institutions of other communities. Nay, it is my duty according to the teachings of the Quaran, even to defend their places of worship, if need be. Yet I love the communal group which is the source of life and behaviour and which has formed me what l am by giving me its religion, its literature, itsthought, its culture and thereby its whole past as a living operative factor in my present consciousness.

Questions :

Source A :
(i) What is the supreme dharma ?
Answer:
Non-violence is the supreme dharma.

Source B:
(ii) What is the weapon of the weak according to this source ?
Answer:
Passive resistance is the weapon of the weak.

Source C :
(iii) Do you agree with the idea of communalism ?
Answer:
No. I do not agree with the idea of communalism because it was based upon the thought India is a land of racial and religious differences.

Question 25.
Source A:
The Idea of Satyagraha: Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. As you know, he had come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the racist-regime with a novel method of mass agitation, which he called satyagraha. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.

Source B : The Jallianwala Bagh incident: On 13 April a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. Other had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd killing hundreds.

Source C : The Movement in the Towns: The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.

Questions :
Source A : The Idea of Satyagraha
(i) What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer:
The idea of Satyagraha means the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

Source B : The Jallianwala Bagh incident
(ii) When did Jallianwala Bagh incident take place ?
Answer:
The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place on 13 April, 1919.

Source C : The Movement in the Towns
(iii) The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except .
Answer:
Madras

Subjective Type Questions

Question 26.
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919) ? How was it opposed ? Explain.
Answer:
(1) Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act because :
(i) This act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
(ii) If gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
(iii) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
(iv) Indian members opposed this Act.

(2) It was opposed in the following ways :
(1) Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops and offices were closed down.
(ii) A peaceful protest meeting was organised at Jallianwalla Bagh in Amritsar.
(iii) Gandhiji started a hartal against this unjust law on 6th April 1919.
(iv) Communication, railway, telegraphs lines were disrupted.

Question 27.
What was the condition of India at the time of the First World War?
Answer:
(1) The First World War created a new economic and political situation.
(2) There was a huge increase in defence .expenditure.
(3) Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(4) Throughout the war periods, prices increased tremendously. It just doubled between 1913 and 1918.
(5 ) There was forced recruitment in rural areas. Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers.
(6) There was acute shortages of food in many parts of India due to failure of crops.

Question 28.
Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Gandhiji. What did freedom mean for them ?
Answer:
(1) Reaction of the plantation workers to the Non-Cooperation Movement:
(i) When the Non-Cooperation Movement was launched, thousands of plantation workers who were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

(ii) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

(2) Meaning of Swaraj to plantation workers :
(i) Right to move freely in and out of the confined space in . which they were enclosed.
(ii) Retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(iii) They imagined that ai time would come when all ‘ sufferings and all troubles would be over.

Question 29.
Explain any three features of the peasant movement organised in Awadh in the second decade of the 20th century.
Answer:
(1) In toto, the peasant movement organised in Awadh in 1920, demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(2) In many places local leaders told peasants that the Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land I was to be redistributed among the poor..
(3) The name of the Mahatma was being invoked to sanction all actions and aspirations.

Question 30.
Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation ? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain,
Answer:
(1) The Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. The Congress was just keen on the symbolic presence of women.
(2) Women participated in large numbers in the Civil Disobedient Movement:
(i) During the Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquor shops.
(ii) Many women went to jail.
(iii) In urban areas, women came from high caste families. In rural areas, women who participated, belonged to rich peasant households.
(iv) They began to see the service to the nation as a sacred calling.

Question 31.
Explain the causes of the rise of nationalism in India.
Answer:
The various causes of the rise of nationalism in India were as follows :
(1) Experience of united struggles developed a sense of collective belonging.
(2) Growth of movements to revive Indian folklore. In late nineteenth century India, nationlists began to record folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
(3) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths. He led a movement for folk revival.
(4) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a vast four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, ‘The Folklore of Southern India’.
(5) Nationalism also spread through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the 19th century, many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.

Question 32.
What did the image of Bharat Mata painted by Abanindranath Tagore portray?
Answer:
(1) Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure.
(2) She is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(3) This mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(4) Mother figure shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.

Map Based Questions Identification

Features by numbers are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map.
1. The place/city where the Jallianwalla Bagh incident/ massacre took place.
2.The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in 1929.
3. The centre/place of calling off/withdrawing the Non-Cooperation Movement.
4. The place from where the movement of Indigo planters was started.
5. The state from which the Jats, a rich peasants community actively participated in Civil Disobedience Movement.
6. The Satyagraha of the cotton mill workers was held here.
7. The place of peasant Satyagraha.
8. The place of the ‘No Tax’ campaign.
9. The place from where the Civil Disobedience Movement/Salt Satyagraha started.
10 The place where the Session of Indian National Congress was held in December 1920.
11. The place where the Indian National Congress Session of September 1920 was held.
12. The State to which the Gudem rebels belonged.
13. The place where the Congress Session of 1927 was held.
This topic is not from the Examination point of view.

Answer:
1. Amritsar
2. Lahore
3. Chauri-Chaura (UP)
4. Champaran (Bihar)
5. Uttar Pradesh
6. Ahmedabad
7. Kheda (Gujarat)
8. Bardoli (Gujarat)
9. Dandi (Gujarat),
10. Nagpur (Maharashtra)
11. Calcutta (Now, Kolkata)
12. Andhra Pradesh
13. Madras (Now, Chennai).

Note for students : Locating and labelling based questions are the same as above. Therefore, these questions are not being given.