UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy

UP Board Solutions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers, Additional Important Questions.

UP Board Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy InText Questions and Answers

Let’s Work these out (Page 21)

Question 1.
Complete the Table 2.1 to show how sectors are dependent on each other.
Table 2.1 Examples of Economic Activities

Answer:

Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:
Primary Sector : This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources.
For example, the cultivation of wheat.

Secondary Sector : This sector covers those activities in which natural or primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. For example, from bamboo plant, we manufacture paper.

Tertiary Sector: This includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. For example, railways, shop-keeper, lawyer, etc.

Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors :

• Tailor
• Workers in match factory
• Basket weaver
• Moneylender
• Flower cultivator
• Gardener
• Milk vendor
• Potter
• Fishermen
• Priest
• Bee-keeper
• Courier

Answer:
This list of occupations can be classified into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors as follows :

Question 4.
Students in a school are often classified into primary and secondary or junior and senior. What is the criterion that is used ? Do you think this is a useful classification ? Discuss.
Answer:
(1) The criterion that is used in a school to classify the students into primary and secondary or junior and senior is the level of education.

(2) Yes, I think this is a useful classification.

Primary Education : Our Constitution had directed the state to secure free and compulsory education to the children below 14 years of age by 1960. This falls under primary education. Primary education prepares a ground which the people can build upon to acquire specific skills.

Secondary Education : Secondary level education (age group 14 – 18 years) prepares the student for entry into higher education as well as for work.

Let’s Work these out (Page 23)

Question 1.
What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors ?
Answer:
(1) The history of developed countries indicate that at initial stages of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity. As the methods of farming changed and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before and most people were also employed in this sector.

(2) Over more than hundred years, when new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding. In this way, secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.

(3) During the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector. The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production and employment.
This has been the general pattern of shifting between sectors in developed countries.

Question 2.
Correct and arrange the important aspects for calculating GDP from this Jumble. To count goods and services we add the numbers that are produced. We count all those that was produced in the last five years. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything we add up all these goods and services.
Answer:
To calculate GDP, we count the value of all final goods and services that were produced in each sector during a particular year. Since we shouldn’t leave out anything, we add up the production of each sector.

Let’s Work these out (Page 24)

Answer the following questions by looking at the graph.

Question 1.
Which was the largest producing sector in 1973-74?
Answer:
Primary sector was the largest producing sector in 1973.

Question 2.
Which is the largest producing sector in 2013-14 ?
Answer:
Tertiary sector is the largest producing sector in 2013.

Question 3.
Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty years ?
Or
Which sector shows the highest increase in share of GDP in the given period?
Answer:
Yes, tertiary sector has grown the most over thirty years.

Question 4.
What was the GDP of India in 2013-14 ?
Answer:
The GDP of India in 2013-14 was Rs. 56,25,000 crores.

Let’s Work these out (Page 27)

Question 1.
Complete the table using the data given in Graphs 2 and 3 and answer the question that follows. Table 2.2 Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment

What are the changes that you observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years ?
Or
Which sector shows the decreasing trend in the share of its G.N.P ?
(ii) Why has primary sector remained more important than other sectors in spite of its smaller share in G.D.P. ? Give one reason.
[Annual Paper (Outside Delhi), 2010, Set 1, 2, 3]
Answer:
Table 2.2 Share of Primary Sector in GDP and Employment

I have observed the following changes in the primary sector over a span of thirty years :

(1) The share of the primary sector in GDP has reduced from 40% to 13% over the period.
(2) There has not been a similar shift out of primary sector in case of employment. It has decreased from 73% to 48% only.  (3) More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector. But, they are producing only a quarter of , the GDP.
(4) There are more people in agriculture than is necessary. s That is, workers in agriculture sector are underemployed.

Question 2.
Choose the correct answer :
Underemployment occurs when people
(i) do not want to work
(ii) are working in a lazy manner
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(iv) are not paid for their work
Answer:
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing.

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India ?
Answer:
Comparison and contrast of the developmental changes in India with the developed countries are as follows :

Developed Countries :
1. At initial stage of development, primary sector was the most important sector of economic activity in terms of both production and employment.
2. With the development of the economy, secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment.
3. When the country arrives at higher levels of development, the share of service sector in the GDP and employment becomes the maximum.

India :
1. At initial stages, primary sector was the most important in total production and employment.
2. India did not follow this pattern. Secondary sector has neither become the most important sector in terms of production nnor in employment as yet.
3. By 2013-14, the share of the service sector in the GDP became 65% approx. which was more than that of the other two sectors. But in terms of employment, most of the working people are still employed in primary sector.

(1) It was desired that with the development of the economy secondary sector would replace the primary sector and become the most important sector in GDP. But this did not happen in India. Tertiary sector surpassed the secondary sector.
(2) It was also desired that with the development, the share of primary sector in employment would decrease and that of secondary and tertiary sectors would increase to the maximum. But, it also did not happen in India.

Question 4.
Why should we be worried about under¬employment ?
Answer:
(1) Underemployment is the situation when the people are visibly employed but actually unemployed. In this situation more people are engaged in a work than required. That is, they are made to work less than their potential. This situation is also known as disguised or hidden unemployment.

(2) It is a matter of great worry because lakhs of people are underemployed in India. This situation is generally found in agricultural sector. In addition, it also exists in other sectors such as casual workers in the service sector in urban areas. If
these people work elsewhere, the income earned by them would increase the total family income.

In-Text Question (Page 28)

Question 1.
What groups of people do you think are unemployed or underemployed in your area ? Can you think of some measures that could be taken up for them ?
Answer:
(1) The following groups of people are unemployed or underemployed in our area :
(i) Scheduled castes
(ii) Scheduled tribes
(iii) Agricultural labour households
(iv) Small farmer households
(v) Casual workers like painters, plumbers, repair persons, hawkers, etc.

(2) The following measures can be taken up for them :
(i) As quick measures, employment generation programmes should be implemented with great devotion and honesty.
(ii) Irrigation facilities should be improved.
(iii) The government should invest in infrastructure like road, transportation so that our farmers can sell their produce in nearby market.
(iv) The unemployed or underemployed persons should be provided credit facilities at low rate of interest so that they start their small business.

In-Text Questions (Page 29)

Question 1.
Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as Answer:
NREGA 2005 is referred to as ‘Right to Work’ because National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 provides 100 days’ assured employment every year to every rural household. If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/ she will be entitled to a daily employment allowance. Under this law, one-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.

Question 2.
Imagine that you are the village head. In that capacity suggest some activities that you think should be taken up under this Act that would also increase the income of people ? Discuss.
Answer:
The following activities should be taken up under this act that would also increase the income of people :
(1) Irrigation facilities should be enhanced. For example, wells and dams should be constructed and canals should be dug to irrigate the land. This could lead to a lot of employment and income generation within the agriculture sector.
(2) Village roads should be constructed so that agricultural labourers could get employment in idle season. Better roads would be helpful for the farmers to transport their products to a nearby market.
(3) Investment should be made on public transportation. Easy and cheap transport facilities will certainly encourage farm and non-farm activities.
(4) People should be encouraged to adopt modern farming methods.
(5) The villagers should be given loan at low rate of interest so that they could adopt modern farming methods and start different non-farm production activities.
(6) Marketing facilities should be provided to the villagers because their products are often unstandardised.
(7) The development of small scale enterprises in villages is hampered by the present low level of technical knowhow and shortage of trained and experienced personnel. So, they should be provided training to encourage such activities.

Question 3.
How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities ?
Ans. If farmers are provided with irrigation and marketing facilities, their income and employment will increase in the following ways :
(1) Irrigation facilities: Water is essential for agricultural production. But rainfall, in many areas, is not only inadequate but also uncertain. So in these areas, irrigation facilities will be helpful in growing more^han one crop in the year. Obviously, as we grow more crops, more employment and income will generate on the same piece of land. Thus, irrigation is an important input to increase agricultural output, employment and income.

(2) Marketing facilities: Marketing facilities include storing facilities of agricultural produces, holding capacity of farmers, adequate and cheap transport facilities, information regarding the market conditions, etc. With such facilities, farmers can continue to grow and sell their crops. Storage facilities of products like potatoes and onions can give an opportunity for farmers to sell them when the price is good. Such facilities would increase employment and income not only for farmers but also for others such as those in services like transport and trade.

Question 4.
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas ?
Answer:
Employment in urban areas can be increased in the following ways:
(1) Labour intensive techniques of production should be adopted.
(2) Cottage and small scale industries should be encouraged.
(3) The problems regarding power supply, raw materials, and transportation should be removed so that the industries which are working below capacity should produce to their full capacity.
(4) Our education system should be made employment- oriented. There should be more stress on vocational studies.
(5) The government should encourage for self-employment by providing credit facilities, training facilities, marketing facilities, etc.
(6) Therfe is a large scope of employment in service sector especially tourism, information and technology. These sectors require proper planning and support from the government.
(7) Targeted employment generation programmes should be implemented with full devotion and honesty.

Let’s Work these out (Page 31)

Question 1.
Look at the following examples. Can you say which of these are unorganised sector activities ?
(i) A teacher taking classes in a school
(ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field
(iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor
(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house
Answer:
(ii) (iii); (v) and (vii)

Question 2.
Talk to someone who has a regular job in the organised sector and another who works in the unorganised sector. Compare and contrast their working conditions in all aspects.
Answer:
I have talked to Sumit who has a regular job in a IT company, i.e., organised sector and to Ramkali who works on daily wages as construction labourer, i.e., unorganised sector. On the basis of this conversation, we can compare and contrast their working conditions as follows :
Working conditions of Sumit :
(1) Sumit works for a fixed number of hours. If he works more, he gets paid overtime.
(2) Sumit gets his monthly salary regularly.
(3) In addition to the salary, he gets provident funds, medical and other allowances, paid leave, payment during holidays, gratuity, pension, etc.
(4) He was given an appointment letter stating all the terms and conditions of work.
(5) He enjoys security employment.
(6) He avails safe drinking water and a safe working environment.

Working conditions of Ramkali :
(1) There is no fixed number of working hours for Ramkali. Also, there is no provision of overtime.
(2) Ramkali gets daily wages. She is not paid for the days she does not work.
(3) She gets no other allowance apart from her wages. She has no leave or paid holidays.
(4) She was not given any formal letter by the employer.
(5) She has no job security. She can be asked to leave anytime by his employer.
(6) She does not avail such facilities.

Question 3.
How would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors ? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
The difference between organised and unorganised sectors are as follows :

Organised sector :
(1) Organised sector includes those enter-prises or places of work which are registered by the government. They have to follow government rules and regulations under the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act, etc.
(2) It has some formal processes and procedures.
(3) The terms of employment, are regular. People have assured work.
(4) People work only for a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they get paid overtime by the employer.
(5) People get regular monthly
salary.
(6) In addition to salary, people also get several other benefits like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, pensions, etc.
(7) There is provision of certain facilities like safe drinking water and a safe working environment.

Unorganised sector :
(1) The unorganised sector includes small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
(2) There is no formal process and procedure. Jobs are low-paid and often not regular. People can be ‘ asked to leave anytime without any reason.
(3) There is no fixed number of working hours. Also, there is no provision of overtime.
(5) People get daily wages.
(6) There is no provision of other benefits apart from daily wages.
(7) There is no provision of such facilities.

Question 4.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow.
Table 2.3 Workers in Different Sectors (In Millions)

(i) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture ?
(ii) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity ? Why ?
(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ……………. % of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about ………….. % of the workers in India.
Answer:
Table 2.3
Workers in Different Sectors (In Millions)

(i) The percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture is 58.78%.
(ii) Yes, I agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity. This is because, agricultural units are not registered by the government. Though there are rules and regulations here also, but these are not followed.
(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that 83% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about 17% of the workers in India.

Let’s Recall (Page 33)

Question 1.
With so many activities taking place around us, one needs to use the process of classification to think in a useful manner. The criterion for classification could be many depending on what we desire to find out. The process of classification helps to analyse a situation. In dividing the economic activities into three sectors – primary, secondary, tertiary – the criterion used was the ‘nature of activity’.

On the basis of this classification, we were able to analyse the pattern of total production and employment in India. Similarly, we divided the economic activities into organised and unorganised and used the classification to look at employment in the two sectors.

What was the most important conclusion that was derived from the classification exercises ? What were the problems and solutions that were indicated ? Can you summarise the information in the following table ?

Table 2.4 Classifying Economic Activities

Answer:
Table 2.4 Classifying Economic Activities

UP Board Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers

Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

Question 1.
(i) Employment in the service sector increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
(ii) Workers in the sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in thesector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)
(iv) Aproportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
(v) Cotton is a product and cloth is a product. (natural / manufactured)
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are. (independent /interdependent)
Answer:
(i) has not,
(ii) tertiary
(iii) organised
(iv) large,
(v) natural, manufactured
(vi) interdependent.

Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer :
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of :
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer:
(iii) ownership of enterprises

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ………… sector.
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
Answer:
(i) primary.

(c) GDP is the total value ofproduced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer:
(ii) all final goods and services.

(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 ispercent.
(i) 20 to 30
(ii) 30 to 40
(iii) 50 to 60
(iv) 60 to 70
Answer:
(iv) 60 to 70 Q.

3. Match the following :

Problems faced by fçrming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land mills	(a) Setting up agro-based
2. Low prices for crops societies	(b) Cooperative marketing
3. Debt burden	(c) Procurement of foodgrains by govern ment
4. No job in the off season	(d) Construction of canals by the government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the with low interest local traders soon after harvest	(e) Banks to provide credit

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (e)
4. (a)
5. (c).

Question 4.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio
Answer:
(i) Potter. This is because, only the potter relates to secondary sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor. Since only this directly helps in the production of goods.
(iii) Cobbler this is because, only cobbler falls in private sector.
(iv) SAHARA Airlines. That is why, only this is a private sector company.

Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following :
(i) Complete the table.

Answer:

(ii) What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city ?
Answer:
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%.

Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful ? Explain how.
Answer:
(1) Yes, I think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful.
(2) This is because :
(i) Primary sector includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources. For example, cultivation of paddy, wheat, etc.
(ii) Secondary sector covers those activities in which natural or primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. For example, cloth from cotton.
(iii) Tertiary sector includes those activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. For example, banking, transportation, etc.

Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP ? Could there be other issues which should be examined ? Discuss.
Answer:
(1) For each of the sectors mentioned in this chapter, our focus should definitely be on employment and GDP. This is because growth in GDP and full employment are the common goals of our Five Year Plans.
(2) Yes, the other issues which should be examined are :
(i) Balanced regional development in the country.
(ii) Equality of income and wealth among the people of the country.
(iii) To remove poverty.
(iv) Modernisation of technology.
(v) Self-reliance of the country.

Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find ” adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them ? Explain your choice.
Answer:

[Note : P = Primary, S = Secondary, T = Tertiary, 0 = Organised, U = Unorganised, Pu = Public, Pr = Private]
In this way, I can classify the above occupation on the basis of :
(1) Nature of activity.
(2) Employment conditions.
(3) Ownership of business Units.

On the basis of nature of economic activity, they can be classified into :
(i) Primary sector: This includes those activities that are undertaken by directly using natural resources, e.g., agricultural labourers.
(ii) Secondary sector: This covers those activities in which natural or primary products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing, i.e., paper from bamboo.
(iii) Tertiary sector : This includes those activities that help in the develop-ment of the primary and secondary sectors, i.e., railways, banking, etc.

Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors ? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:
(1) The tertiary sector is differe’nt from other two sectors, piis is because, other two sectors produce goods but this sector does not produce a good by itself. But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or a support for the production process. For example, transport, storage, communication, banking, insurance and trade activities.

(2) The goods that are produced in other sectors need to be transported by tractors, trucks or trains. It is also necessary to store, these products in godowns or cold storage. We may also need to talk to others or borrow money from banks. In this way, communication and banking are also helpful.

Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment ? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:
Disguised unemployment : There are people who are visibly employed but actually unemployed. This situation is known as disguised or hidden unemployment. In such a situation, more people are engaged in a work than required.
Example from rural areas: This type of unemployment is generally found in agriculture sector. For example, a family of nine people has an agricultural plot where they all find work. If four people of them are withdrawn, there is no reduction in output. So, these four people are said to be disguisedly employed.

Example from Urban areas : This type of unemployment is also found in the family engaged in petty shops or small businesses in urban areas.

Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:
(1) Open unemployment: When the country’s labour force does not get opportunities for gainful employment, this situation is called open unemployment. This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas.

(2) Disguised unemployment: When the people are visibly employed but actually unemployed, this situation is known as disguised or hidden unemployment. In such a situation, more people are engaged in a work than required. This type of unemployment is generally found in agriculture sector. This is also found among the people engaged in petty shops and small business in urban’areas.

Question 12.
Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. Do you agree ? Give reasons in support of your answer. ”
Answer:
(1) No, I am not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.

(2) Following are the reasons :
(i) In terms of GDP : In fact, this sector emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector. In 1973-74, the share of tertiary sector in GDP was about 47% approx, which increased to more than 67% approx, in 2013-14. Over the forty years between 1973 and 2013, while production in all the three sectors has increased, it has increased the most in the tertiary sector.

(ii) In terms of employment : The rate of growth in employment of tertiary sector between 1977 to 2017 was nearly 172% while that of secondary sector was 127%. This was negligible in the primary sector.

Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these ?
Answer:
The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people :
(1) The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, the people involved in transportation, storage, communication, banking, trade, etc.
(2) The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods. For example, the teachers, doctors, washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, etc.

Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view ? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
(1) Yes, labourers are exploited in the unorganised sector.
(2) This may be clear from the following points :
(i) There is no fixed number of working hours. The labourer has to work normally for 10-12 hours without paid overtime.
(ii) People get no other allowances apart from daily wages.
(iii) Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers a e not followed here.
(iv) There is no job security. The labourer can be asked to leave anytime without any reason by the employer.
(v) Jobs are low-paid. The labourers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganised. So, they are not ir a position to bargain with the employer and secure good wages.
(vi) They are heavily in debt. So, they are forced to accept lower wages.

Question 15.
How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions ?
Answer:
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organised and unorganised sectors.
(1) Organised sector : Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work, which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., Videocon (India) Ltd., etc.

(2) Unorganised sector : It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are not followed here. For example, landless agricultural labourers, casual workers in construction, trade and transport, etc.

Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer:
Employment conditions in the organised sector :
(1) The labourer gets regular monthly salary.
(2) In addition to the salary, people get several other benefits such as paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc.
(3) The labourers are expected to work only for a fixed number of hours.
(4) The labourer is given an appointment letter stating all the terms and conditions of work.
(5) People enjoy security of employment.
(6) There are several facilities like safe drinking water and a safe working environment.

Employment conditions in the unorganised sector :
(1) The labourer gets daily wages.
(2) People get no other allowances apart from daily wages.
(3) There is no fixed number of working hours.
(4) There is no provision of a formal letter.
(5) There is no job security.
(6) There are no such facilities.

Question 17.
Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer:
The objective of implementing the NREGA, 2005 is to provide the ‘Right to Work’. The NREGA, 2005 has the following main features :
(1) The act provides a legal guarantee for at least 100 days of employment every year to every rural household.
(2) One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for
women.
(3) If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily employment allowance.
(4) Under the Act, those types of work are given preference that would, in future, help to increase the production from land.

Question 18.
Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer:
Private Sector Public Sector :
Private Sector
(1) The ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. For example, Bajaj Auto Ltd., DaLr india Ltd., Hero Cycle Ltti, etc.
(2) Private sector is guided by profit motive.
(3) Private sector is not interested in such long term and high capital projects due to profit motive.
(4) There is no such responsibility of the private sector. If they provide these services, they charge a high rate for them. For example, public schools in our locality charge very high fees.

Public Sector :
(1) The government owns most of the assets and provides all the essential services. Indian Railways, Steel Authority of India Ltd., Indian Airlines, etc.
(2) The purpose of the public sector is to increase public welfare.
(3) The government invests large sums of money in the public projects necessary for a society. For example, roads,
bridges, harbours, etc.
(4) There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibilities of the government, e.g., education, health, power, etc. So, the government has opened many schools, colleges, hospitals, power projects etc. The government provides these services at reasonable cost.

Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

Answer:

Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer:
These may be as follows :
(1) Railways : The government has taken it up for the following reasons :
(1) Only the government can invest large sums of money on the public project with a long gestation period.
(ii) To ensure easier and cheap availability of transportation.
(iii) To serve the equipment needs of strategically important sector.
(2) All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS): To provide quality health services at cheap rates was the main purpose of the government to take it up.
(3) National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Ltd.: To provide electricity even at the lower rate than the actual cost was the main objective of the government. This is done to protect and encourage the private sector especially small scale industries.

Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
In the following ways public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation :
(1) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
(2) It creates employment opportunities.
(3) It generates financial resources for development.
(4) It brings equality of income and wealth.
(5) It encourages development of cottage and small scale industries.
(6) It promotes balanced regional development.
(7) It controls private monopolies.
(8) It ensures easier availability of goods at cheap rates.

Question 22.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
The workers in the unorganised sector should be protected on the issue of wages, safety and health. This has the following reasons :
(1) Wages :
(i) They are treated as bonded labourers. They have to work more than 12 hours a day without paid overtime.
(ii) They get no other allowances apart from daily wages.
(iii) There is no job security. They can be asked to leave the job any time without any reason.
(iv) Jobs are low-paid.
(v) They are heavily in debt. So, they are forced to accept lower wages.

(2) Safety : Since they are generally engaged in many hazardous industries like brick industries, mining industries, crackers industries, etc., so they need protection.

(3) Health : As we know, they get low wages. So, they are unable to have nutritious food. Consequently their health status is very weak, so they need protection.

Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The-total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs. 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city ?
Answer:
Table:
Income and Employment in Organised and Unorganised Sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98

The following ways should be adopted for generating more employment in the city.
(1) Education system should be made employment-oriented. From the very beginning, emphasis should be laid on vocational education of the students so that they could be self-employed.
(2) The government should encourage cottage and small- scale industries, agro-based industries, etc.
(3) It should provide loan at low rate of interest so that people could start their own business.
(4) Labour-intensive techniques should be adopted in place of capital-intensive techniques in the field of production. This will certainly create more employment opportunities.

Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (crores) by the three sectors :

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph ?
Answer:
(i) The following table shows the share of three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013 :


(iii) The share of primary sector in GDP has decreased while that of secondary and tertiary sectors have increased.

UP Board Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy Additional Important Questions and Answers

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1.
Choose the odd one out from the list of occupations.
(a) Doctor
(b) Potter
(c) Teacher
(d) Scientist
Answer:
(b) Potter

Question 2.
Which of the following agencies estimates the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India ?
(а) All the state governments
(b) An autonomous body
(c) A ministry of the Union Government
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) A ministry of the Union Government

Question 3.
Which of the following is also called hidden unemployment ?
(a) Under Employment
(b) Disguised Unemployment
(c) Seasonal Unemployment
(d) Cyclical Unemployment
Answer:
(b) Disguised Unemployment

Questoion 4.
Which of them generally do not find themselves in the unorganized sector ?
(a) Schedule Castes
(b) Schedule Tribes
(c) Rich families
(d) Backward communities
Answer:
(c) Rich families

Fill in the blanks :

Question 5.
The service sector in India has……………..
Answer:
heterogeneous character

Question 6.
Wood used for making furniture is…………..
Answer:
an intermediary goods

Question 7.
sector was the largest producer in 1973.
Answer:
Tertiary sector

Question 8.
The sectors are classified into organized and unorganised sectors on the basis of…………….
Answer:
employment conditions

Question 9.
is characterized by profit motive……………
Answer:
Private sector

State whether the following statements are True or False:

Question 10.
On the basis of the nature of economic activity, sectors are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
Answer:
True

Question 11.
Final goods are included in GDP.
Answer:
True

Question 12.
A nurse working in a Government hospital is an activity of unorganised sector.
Answer:
False

Question 13.
In the private sector, individuals or companies own most of the assets.
Answer:
True

Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSAQs)

Question 14.
What is meant by economic activity?
Answer:
The activities that result in the production of goods and services and add value to the national income, are called economic activities.

Question 15.
What do final goods and services mean?
Answer:
They mean various good and services meant for consumption by consumers.

Question 16.
Suggest any two measures to reduce unemployment.
Answer:
(i) Agro-based industries should be set up
(ii) public facilities such as transport and storage facilities can be developed.

Question 17.
In which sector are a large number of workers losing their job since 1990?
Answer:
Since the 1990s, a large number of workers losing their jobs in the organised sector.

Question 18.
How does public sector play an important role in the economy of India?
Answer:
Public sector plays an important role in the economy of India by creating and expanding infrastructure such as construction of roads, bridges, railways, schools, hospitals, etc.

Match the following:

Question 19.
Match the following and choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(1) Tertiary sector – (A) Largest employer
(2) Primary sector – (B) MNREGA, 2005
(3) Underemployment – (C) Largest producing sector
(4) Right te work – (D) Agriculture
Choose the correct option :
(а) (1-C), (2-B), (3-D), (4-A)
(b) (1-C), (2-A), (3-D), (4-B)
(c) (1-A), (2-D), (3-B), (4-C)
(d) (1-B), (2-C), (3-A), (4-D)
Answer:
(b) (1-C), (2-A), (3-D), (4-B)

Picture Based Question:

Question 20.
Study the picture and answer the question that follows :

What do you think this Kirana Store belongs to private sector or public sector ? State any one of the main feature of that sector.
Answer:
(1) I think, the Kirana Store belongs to private sector.
(2) Ownership of assets and delivery of services in the hands of private individuals or companies.

Table Based Question :

Question 21 .
Read the situations given below and answer in which
Answer:
Jayesh is working in the unorganised sector. Arrange in Order/Sequence

Question 22.
Arrange the following in the correct sequence :
(i) Transporting cloth to the work shops
(ii) Sale in shops and showrooms
(iii) Spinning the yarn
(iv) Weaving of the fabric Options:
(a) (i), (iv), (iii), (ii)
(b) (Hi), (iv), (i), (ii)
(c) (iv), (i), (ii), (iii)
(d) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
Answer:
(b) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii)

Assertion and Reason

Question 23.
In the question given below, there are two statements marked, as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option:
Assertion (A) : When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.
Reason (R) : This sector forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
Options :
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct but R is Wrong.
(d) A is wrong but R is correct.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Understanding Economic Development (Economics)-X

Case/Source-Based Integrated Questions

Question 24.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was ? 60,000 million. Out of this X 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city ?
Answer:
Table : Income and Employment in Organised and Unorganised Sectors in Ahmedabad in 1997-98

Following ways should be adopted for generating more employment in the city.
(1) Education system should be made employment-oriented. From the very beginning, emphasis should be laid on vocational education of the students so that they could be self-employed.
(2) The government should encourage cottage and small- scale industries, agro-based industries, etc.
(3) It should provide loan at low rate of interest so that people could start their own business.
(4) Labour-intensive techniques should be adopted in place of capital-intensive techniques in the field of production. This will certainly create more employment opportunities.
(5) Government should formulate policies to promote business activities to enhance growth and employment.

Question 25.
Ramesh works as a driver in a government department whereas Karunesh works as a mechanic in a private workshop. Whose job is more unprotective and how ?
Answer:
(1) The job of Karunesh is more unprotective.
(2) This has the following reasons :
(i) Unlike government sector, private workshop does not follow government rules and regulations.
(ii) There is low salary and no regular employment.
(iii) There is no provision of overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness, etc.
(iv) There is no job security. People may be asked to leave the job without any reason, or when there is less work, or on the whim of the workshop owner.

Question 26.
Rekha’s income is more than her sister. But Rekha works in an unorganized sector whereas her sister is employed in the organised sector. Who amongst the two is at an advantageous position and why ?
Answer:
(1) Rekha’s sister is at an advantageous position.
(2) This has the following reasons :
(i) The employees of organized sector get paid leave benefit, pensions, gratuity, etc. apart from salary.
(ii) The organized sector follows government rules and regulations like Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, etc.
(iii) Workers enjoy security of employment.
(iv) Working atmosphere of the organization is supportive.
(v) The organization provides proper time and facilities for the family.

Subjective Type Questions

Question 27.
Which sector of economy does provide the base for all other products ? Explain with the help of any two examples.
Answer:
(1) Primary sector of the economy provides the base for all other products.
(2) (i) If farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to any particular sugar mill, the mill will have to shut down leading to decline in production of final products like sugar or gur.
(ii) This is because, sugarcane is the essential raw material for the sugar industry.
(3) (i) It is the primary sector that provides iron ore or rubber to manufacture steel and a car.
(ii) Iron ore is theraw material for the steel industry.

Question 28.
What is meant by primary sector ? Why is it called so ? Explain by giving two examples.
Answer:
(1) When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.
(2) It is called so because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
(3) For example,
(i) The cultivation of cotton. For the growth of the cotton plant, we depend mainly on natural factors like rainfall, sunshine and climate. So, raw cotton is a primary product as it is used to manufacture cotton textiles.
(ii) In the case of dairy activities, we are dependent on the biological process of the animals and availability of fodder, etc. So, the product here, milk is also a primary sector product.

Question 29.
How do we count and calculate the value of goods and services in the three economic sectors.? Explain with the help of a suitable example.
Answer:
(1) The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year is counted and calculated.
(2) For example
(i) A farmer sells wheat to a flour mill for ^ 15 per kg.
(ii) The mill grinds the wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for ? 20 per kg.
(iii) The biscuit company uses the flour and things such as sugar and oil to make four packets of biscuits. It also uses services in this process such as banking, transportation, etc.
(iv) It sells biscuits in the market to the consumers for ? 120 per kg. i.e., ? 30 per 250 gram packet.
(a) Biscuits are the final goods. The values of these are counted and calculated.

Question 30.
Suggest any three ways that how to create more employment for people ?
Answer:
(1) Education system should be made employment- oriented. Vocational training should be merged in mainstream education pattern.
(2) Government should encourage cottage and small-scale industries, agro-based, handcraft industries, etc.
(3) Cheap credit should be provided so that people may take up new enterprises. Encouraging foreign investment will also generate employment.
(4) Labour intensive techniques should be adopted in place of capital intensive techniques. Research and development work in all sectors must be promoted to evolve new avenues of generating employment.
(5) Government should frame policies to promote business activities to enhance growth and employment. Sectors like education, health, banking must be promoted which have huge job opportunities.

Question 31.
Why has the entire tertiary sector not grown in importance ? Explain.
Answer:
The entire tertiary sector has not grown in importance for the following reasons :
(1) Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people.
(2) At one end, there are limited number of services that employ highly skilled and educated workers. At the other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, etc.
(3) These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services because no alternative opportunities for work are available to them.

Question 32.
Describe any five activities where the government must spend for the welfare of the worker of unorganised sector.
Answer:
The government must spend in the following activities for the welfare of the worker of unorganised sector :
(1) The government should support landless agricultural labourers, marginal farmers, etc. through adequate facility fortimely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities, etc.
(2) Since casual workers are generally in small-scale industries, these industries need government’s support for procuring raw materials and marketing of output.
(3) Workers from SCs, STs and OBCs find themselves in unorganised sector. The government needs to protect and support them through spending, honestly implementation of laws and ensuring dignity to individuals.
(4) The government should devise schemes for the education, skill development, social security of workers working in the unorganised sector.
(5) A statutory board can be set up for over-looking as well as suggesting over the law for protection of people from unorganised sector.

Question 33.
Explain any three points of importance of public sector in our society.
Answer:
The following are the importance of public sector in our society :
(1) The public sector provides various things needed by the society as a whole which the private sector will not provide at a reasonable price. For example, construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigation through dams, etc.
(2) The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits but to social service also. The government of India buys wheat and rice from farmers at ‘fair price’. Which it stores in its godowns and sells at a lower price to consumers through ration shops. The government has to bear some of the cost. In this way, the government supports both farmers and consumers.
(3) There are a large number of activities which are the primary responsibility of the government. For example, providing health and education facilities for all. It is the duty of the government to take care of the poorest and most ignored regions of the country through increased spending in such areas.
(4) It creates employment opportunities through creation and expansion of infrastructure,
(5) It controls private monopolies. It en rures easier availability of goods at cheaper rates.